Biology Exam 2-Chapter 3-Very Important Chapter

The breakdown of organic molecules is _________.

Exergonic

_________ is a partial degradation of sugars that occur without O2 and yields ATP. It is a type of _________.

Fermentation

Anerobic Respiration

_________ consumes organic materials and O2 and yields ATP

Aerobic Respiration

True or False: Cellular Respiration includes aerobic and anaerobic

True but it is often used to refer to aerobic respiration

It is helpful to trace Cellular Respiration with _________

Glucose

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The transfer of _________ during chemical reactions releases energy stored in organic molecules. What is the released energy used to synthesize?

Electrons

ATP

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Chemical Reactions that transfer electrons between reactants are _________

in _________, a substance loses electrons

in _________, a substance gains more electrons

*** Exam questions will ask what what is being reduced and what is being oxidized

oxidation-reduction reactions/redox reactions

Oxidation

Reduction(think of the positive charge being reduced)

The electron donor is called the _________.

the electron receptor is called the _________.

Reducing agent

Oxidizing agent

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In aerobic respiration, oxygen is being _________, and glucose is being _________.

Which one is the oxidizing agent?

Reduced, Oxidized

Oxygen is the oxidizing agent (electron receptor)

***

Electrons from glucose are usually first transferred to _________, a coenzyme.

NAD+(Carrier of electrons)

***

As an electron acceptor, NAD+ functions as an ________ during cellular respiration

Oxidizing Agent

The Electron Transport Train passes electrons in a series of steps, What pulls the electron across?

O2.

Harvesting energy from Glucose has 3 stages _________, _________, _________.

What does each one do?

Glycolysis

Citric Acid Cycle

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The enzyme responsible for ATP synthesis is _________.

ATP Synthase

Glycolysis breaks down glucose into _________ molecules of _________.

It occurs in the _________ and occurs _________ O2 is present

2 molecules of Pyruvate

Cytoplasm

Whether or not

After pyruvate is oxidized, the _________ completes the energy yielding oxidation.

Citric Acid Cycle

In the presence of O2, pyruvate enters the _________ where the oxidation of glucose is completed. (hint: where Aerobic Synthesis takes place)

Mitochondrion

Before the Citric Acid Cycle can begin _________ must be converted to _________ _________ (_________) which links glycolysis to the citric acid cycle

Pyruvate

Acetyl Coenzyme (Acetyl CoA)

Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA:

A _________ is removed from Pyruvate

NAD+ is _________ to _________

An Acetyl group is transferred to _________ resulting in _________.

It occurs in the _________ and happens _________.

Carboxyl Group

Reduced to NADH

Coenzyme A, Acetyl CoA

Mitochondrial Matrix and happens twice

The Citric Acid Cycle, is also known as the _________, completes the breakdown of pyruvate to CO2.

Krebs Cycle

***

The initial step of Citric Acid Cycle involves the acetyl group of acetyl CoA joining the cycle by combining with oxaloacetate, forming _________.

Citrate

***

The NADH and FADH2 produced by the cycle relay electrons extracted from food to the _________ in the _________ .

Electron Transport Train in the cristae of the mitochondrion.

Electrons are transferred from _________ or _________ to the ETC, and are then passed through proteins to _________.

NADH or FADH2

O2

Electron transfer (the flow of an electron to the end of the tunnel) causes proteins to pump _________ from the matrix out to the intermembrane.

H+

When H+ moves back into the matrix with the gradient of diffusion, _________ uses the flow to drive phosphorylation. This is an example of _________ .

ATP Synthase

Chemiosmosis

The energy from the H+ moving across membranes is called _________.

Proton motive force

During the ETC, _________ ATP is made.

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Fermentation uses _________ instead of an ETC to generate ATP.

Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

In _________, Pyruvate is converted to ethanol, first releasing CO2

Alcohol Fermentation

Fermentation is a type of _________ respiration.

Anaerobic

In _________, pyruvate is reduced to NADH, forming lactate.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Aerobic and Anaerobic both use _________ to oxidize glucose and harvest energy from food, and in both _________ is the oxidizing agent to accept electrons during glycolysis.

Glycolysis

NAD+

Aerobic and Anaerobic have _________ final electron acceptors.

Cellular Respiration produces _________ ATP, while fermentation makes _________ ATP.

Different: an organic molecule in ferm and O2 in cellular respiration

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2

_________ carry out anaerobic respiration and cannot survive in O2.

_________ can survive using either fermentation or cellular respiration.

Obligate anaerobes

Facultative anaerobes

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Fatty Acids are broken down by __________________ and yield acetyl CoA

Beta Oxidation