Definitions

the efferent vessels of the cardiovascular system- vessels that carry blood away from the heart

arteries

the afferent vessels that carry blood back to the heart

veins

microscopic, thin-walled vessels that connect the smallest arteries to the smallest veins

capillaries

lines the inside of the vessel and is exposed to the blood and consists of a simple squamous epithelium called the endothelium

tunica interna

a selectively permeable barrier to materials entering or leaving the bloodstreeam

endothelium

the middle layer, usually the thickest. Consists of smooth muscle, collagen, and sometimes elastic tissue

tunica media

the outermost layer and consists of loose connective tissue that often merges with neighboring blood vessels, nerves, or other organs

tunica externa (tunica adventitia) 

the network of smaller vessels serving the larger one

vasa vasorum

largest artery

conducting arteries

smaller branches that distribute blood to specific organs

distributing arteries

smallest arteries and has too variable in number to have individual names; exhibit 25 laters of smooth muscle and relatively little elastic tissue

resistance arteries

the major point of control over how much blood and organ or tissue receives

arterioles

a weak point in an artery or the heart wall; forms a thin-walled, bulging sac that pulsates with each beat of the heart

aneurysm

short vessels that link arterioles directly to venules and provide shortcut where blood can bypass the capillaries

metarioles

sensors that monitor blood pressure

baroreceptors

sensors that monitor changes in blood composition

chemoreceptors

occur in most tissues and rogans such as the skeletal muscles, lungs, and brain

continuous capillaries

how albumin, clotting factors, and other proteins synthesized by the liver enter the blood and how newly formed blood cells enter the circulation from the bone marrow and lymphatic organs

sinusoids

they allow for the rapid passage of small molecules, but still retain most proteins and larger particles in the bloodstream

fenestrated capillaries

the propulsion of venous blood by muscular massaging aided by the venous valves

skeletal muscle pump

blood flow through two consecutive capillary networks before returning to the heart

portal system

occurs in the kidneys, connect the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary gland, and connect the intestines to the liver

portal system

a point of convergence between two blood vessels other than the capillaries

anastomosis

blood flows from an artery directly into a vein and bypasses the capillaries

atrioventricular anastomosis

most common anastomoses, one vein empties life-threatening as blockage of an artery

venous anastomoses

two arteries merge

arterial anastomoses

the smallest blood vessels

capillaries

The innermost layer of a blood vessel wall

tunica interna

the amount of blood flowing through an rogan, tissue, blood vessel in a given time

flow

the flow per given volume or mass of tissue, usually expressed in mililiters of blood per 100 grams of tissue per minute

perfusion

the force exerted by blood on a vessel wall

blood pressure

the narrowing of a vessel

vasoconstriction

the widening of a vessel

vasodilation

relaxation of the smooth muscle, allower blood pressure to expand the vessel

vasomotion

flows in layers- faster near the venter of a vessel where it encounters less friction and slower near the walls where it drags against the vessel

laminar flow

the ability of tissues to regulate their own blood supply

autoregulation

stimulate vasodilation under conditions such as trauma, inflammation and exercise

vasoactive chemicals

increase above the normal level of flow

reactive hyeremia

the growth of new blood vessels

angiogesis

a negative feedback response to changes in blood pressure

baroflex

an autonomic response to changes in blood chemistry, especially its pH and concentrations of O2 and CO2

chemoreflex

an autonomic response to reduced perfusion of the brain

medullary ischemic reflux

potent vasoconstrictor that raises the blood pressure

angiotensin II

“salt-retaining hormone” primarly promotes Na+ retention by the kidneys; supports blood pressure

aldosterone

secreted by the heat, antagonize aldosterone. Increase Na+ excretion by the kidney’s, reducing blood volume and pressure due to their generalized vasodilator effect

natriuretic peptides

primary promotes water retention but high concentration causes vasoconstriction so it raises blood pressure

antidiuretic hormone

adrenal and sympathetic catecholamines that bind to a-adrenergic receptors, they stimulate vasoconstriction and raise blood pressure

epinephrine and norepinephrine

Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle and is responsible for enacting vasomotion?

tunica media

The tendency of the molecules of a substance to move from a region of high concentration to one of lower concentration

diffusion

process where endothelial cells pick up material on one side of the plasma membrane by pinocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis, transport the vesicles across the cell, and discharge the material on the other sie by exocytosis

transcytosis

fluid filters out the arterial end of a capillary and osmotically reenters it at the venous end. Delivers materials to cells and rinses away their metabolic waste

filtration and reabsorption

the physical force exerted by a liquid against a surface such as a capillary wall

hydrostatic pressure

the portion of osmotic pressure due to protein

colloid osmotic pressure

the difference between the COP of blood and tissue fluid

oncotic pressure

the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue and often shows as swelling of the face, fingers, abdomen, or ankles

edema

depends on oncotic pressure which is proportional to the concentration of blood albumin

Reduced capillary reabsorption

interferes with fluid drainage and leads to accumulation of tissue fluid distal to the obstruction

Obstrucuted lymphatic drainage

flow of blood back to the heart

venous return

when a person is still blood accumulates in the limbs because venous pressure isn’t high enough to override the weight of the blood and drive it upward

venous polling

any state where output is insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs

circulatory shock

aids in the flow of venous blood from the abdominal tot he thoracic cavity

thoracic pump

most common Low venous return shock; produced by a loss of blood volume as a result of hemorrhage, trauma, bleeding ulcers, burns or dehydration

hypovolemic chock

occurs when an object such as a tumor or aneurysm compresses a vein and impedes its blood flow

obstructed venous return shock

occurs when the body has a normal total blood volume but too much of it accumulates in the lower body

venous polling shock

a form of venous pooling shock that results from a sudden loss of vasomotor tone, allowing the vessels to dilate

neurogenic shock

occurs when bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation and increased capillary permeability

septic shock

results from exposure to an antigen where a person is allergic, like bee venom

anaphylactic shock

several homeostatic mechanism bring about spontaneous recovery

compensated shock

several life-threatening positive feedback loops occur

decipensated shock

contracting limb muscles squeeze blood out of the compressed part of a vein in only one direction i

The skeletal muscle pump

created a slight suction that draws blood into the atria from the venae cavae and pulmonary veins

cardiac suction

consists of passages that serve only for airflow essentially from the nostrils through the major bronchioles

conducting zone

consists of the alveoli and other fas-exchange regions of the distal airway

respiratory zone

the airway from the nose through the larynx

upper respiratory tract

regions from the trachae through the lungs

lower respiratory tract

primary function is to keep food and drink out of the airway and evolved to sound production

the larynx

The system that supplies the body with oxygen and expels carbon dioxide by the rhythmic intake and expulsion of ai

respiratory system

inspiration

inhaling

expiration

exhaling

refers to relaxed, unconscious, automatic breathing

quiet respiration

unusually deep or rapid breathing

forced respiration

primary generator of the respiratory rhythm

ventral respiratory group

modifies this basic respiratory rhythm

dorsal respiratory group

on each side of the pons receives input from higher brain centers including the hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex

pontine respiratory group

brainstem neurons that respond especially to changes in the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid

central chemoreceptors

respond to the O2 and Co2 content of the blood but of all to pH

peripheral chemoreceptors

respond to inflation of the lungs and signal the DRG by way of the vagus nerves

stretch receptors

a protective somatic reflex that strongly inhibits the I neurons and stops inspiration

inflation reflex

nerve ending amid the epithelial cells of the airway that respond to smoke, dust, pollen, chemical fumes, cold air, and mucus. they transmit signals by way of the vagus nerves to the DRG

irritant receptors

pressure that drives inspiration

atmospheric pressure

an increase in the diameter of a bronchus or bronchiole

bronchodilation

a reduction in a diameter

bronchoconstriction

the amount of air inhaled and exhaled in one cycle

tidal volume

Movement of air out of the lungs

expiration

conducting zones of the respiratory system because they are incapable of gas exchange

anatomical dead space

the maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after exhalation of the tidal volume is the ______ reserve volume

expiratory

Irritants in the lower respiratory system may stimulate which of the following?

coughing

relaxed quiet breathing

eupnea

The amount of air that may be exhaled over the tidal volume

expiratory reserve volume

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced expiration

residual volume