empires

Land-based empire def

empire that gains power by controlling vast amounts of land and people

gunpowder empire def

land based empires that uses guns, cannons,artillery to conqeure territory and control populations

How did the Ottomans maintain legitimacy?

Claiming to be successors of the Abbasid Caliphate, fraticide, military legitimacy (law codes and infantry)

How did the Ottomans develop military professionals?

Janissaries (elite infantry recruited via devshirme from Christian boys) and a strong cavalry

What innovative tax systems did the Ottomans use?

The Devshirme system (forcibly recruiting young Christian boys to turn islamic), jizya tax (non-muslims), timar system (land grants for service)

How did Ottomans use religion, art, and architecture to legitimize rule?

promoted Sunni Islam, used Islamic law (Sharia) as state law, monumental architecture: hagia sophia, topkapi palace, dome of the rock

How was the Ottoman government centralized?

sultan (sulieman the magnigecient) → bureaucracy (vizers)

How did the Ottomans treat diversity?

Relatively tolerant; millet system allowed religious minorities to govern themselves under their own laws

What public works did the Ottomans invest in?

Fortifications, bridges, roads, and walls; monumental mosques, istanbul=trade center

How did the Mughals maintain legitimacy?

religous (sunni muslim) and military (strengthened military force), expansionist policies

How did the Mughals develop military professionals?

Large standing armies (sepoys) using gunpowder weapons and cavalry; elite units recruited from loyal nobles (merits)

What innovative tax systems did the Mughals use?

Zamindar system; Akbar’s land revenue system standardized taxation based on crop production. Jizya tax, agr tax

How did the Mughals use religion, art, and architecture to legitimize rule?

Promoted religious tolerance (Akbar), built monumental architecture (Taj Mahal), used Persian-style courts and art

How was Mughal governance centralized?

king (akbar the great) at the top with provincial governors (subahdars) and bureaucracy overseeing law and taxes

How did the Mughals treat diversity?

Generally tolerant under Akbar (Hindus and Muslims incorporated into administration), though Aurangzeb was less tolerant

What public works did the Mughals invest in?

Forts, roads, canals, and monumental palaces (in current day india and pakistan)

How did the Safavids maintain legitimacy?

Claimed to be spiritual leaders of Shi’a Islam; promoted Shi’ism as state religion

How did the Safavids develop military professionals?

Standing army including infantry with gunpowder weapons and cavalry (based on merits)

What innovative tax systems did the Safavids use?

Tax collection through provincial governors and land grants to military elites

How did the Safavids use religion, art, and architecture to legitimize rule?

Shi’a Islam as state religion, built mosques (Isfahan), poetry/painting

How was Safavid governance centralized?

Shah (ismaIil and abbas) at the top with provincial governors overseeing administration

How did the Safavids treat diversity?

intolerant towards sunni islam → conversion campaigns (spread shiite islam) (conflict with sunni ottoman and mughals)

What public works did the Safavids invest in?

mosques, schools libarys’s, roads

What is Sikhism?

Monotheistic religion founded in Punjab (India) in the 15th century combining elements of Hinduism and Islam (no blind rituals)

Who founded Sikhism?

Guru Nanak

What are the 5 K’s?

Kesh (uncut hair), Kangha (comb), Kara (bracelet), Kachera (underwear), Kirpan (sword) – symbols of faith and discipline

How did Sikhism view social hierarchy?

rejected caste distinctions, emphasized equality

gurdwara def

sikh place of worship and community

What is the main difference between Sunni and Shi’a Islam?

Sunni: leader should be elected (caliph); Shi’a: leader must be a descendant of Muhammad (Imam)

Which empires were Sunni?

Ottoman Empire

Which empire was Shi’a?

Safavid Empire

Safavid EmpireHow did the Ming maintain legitimacy?

Restoration of Han Chinese rule after the Mongols; Mandate of Heaven; revival of Confucian traditions

How did the Ming develop military professionals?

Large standing army using gunpowder weapons; strong navy under Zheng He (early period)

What innovative tax collection systems did the Ming use?

taxes paid in silver

How did the Ming use religion, art, and architecture to legitimize rule?

Neo-confucianism, ancestral veneration,, porcelain, Forbidden City

How was the Ming government centralized?

Emperor at the top; civil service exam system; Confucian bureaucracy

How did the Ming treat diversity within the empire?

xenophic (disliked mongols and europeans), biased (preferred confucian merchants) → isolationist policies

What public works did the Ming invest in?

Great Wall reconstruction, canals, roads, city walls, imperial palaces

How did the Qing maintain legitimacy?

Mandate of Heaven; adoption of Confucian traditions; preservation of Chinese customs despite Manchu rule

How did the Qing develop military professionals?

Banner system (Manchu military organization) and gunpowder armies

What innovative tax collection systems did the Qing use?

taxes paid in silver

How did the Qing use religion, art, and architecture to legitimize rule?

Confucian ideology, patronage of art, temples, imperial rituals, continuation of Forbidden City

How was Qing government centralized?

Emperor-centered rule with Confucian bureaucracy; Manchus placed in key positions

How did the Qing treat diversity within the empire?

ruled multi-ethnic empire (Han, Manchu, Mongol, Tibetan) bias for manchus

Who was Zheng He and why is he significant?

Ming admiral who led large naval expeditions to show Chinese power and expand trade

Why did the Ming stop major overseas voyages?

Costly expeditions; focus shifted to internal stability and defense and needed more natural resources to build palace

Who founded the Qing dynasty?

Manchus from northeast Asia

What was the Banner system?

Manchu military organization used to maintain control

first qing emperor

kangxi

Why did the Qing limit European contact?

euro dont support ancestral worship and chinese emperor

How did religious conflict contribute to Mughal decline?

Policies against Hindus increased resistance and reduced loyalty to the empire

How did economic problems weaken the Mughal Empire?

High military spending and inefficient taxation strained the economy

which empire took over constantinenopal and renamed it to instanbul

ottoman