Energy Stores
kinetic - in a moving object
elastic
thermal
nuclear
chemical
gravitational
electrostatic - two separate electric charges that are attracting of repelling)
magnetic
Energy Carriers
mechanical
electrical
by heating
by radiation
Conservation of Energy
energy cannot be created or destroyed
Closed System
no energy transfers take place out of or into the energy stores of the system
energy can be transferred between energy stores in a closed system
the total of the energy in the system if always the same before and after
Work Done
energy transferred = work done
work done (J) = force applied (N) x distance moved along the line of action of the force (m)
W = Fs
Friction
work done to overcome friction is mainly transferred to the thermal energy stores of the objects that rub together and to the surroundings
Gravitational Potential Energy
gravitational potential energy store (J) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x change in height (m)
E(p) = mg∆h
Kinetic Energy
kinetic energy (J) = 0.5 x mass (kg) x speed² (m/s²)
E(k) = 0.5 x m x v²
Elastic Potential Energy
elastic potential energy (J) = 0.5 x spring constant (N/m) x extension² (m²)
E(e) = 0.5 x k x e²
Useful Energy
energy that is in the place and form wanted
Wasted Energy
energy that is not transferred to the place or form wanted
eventually transferred to the surroundings which becomes warmer
Efficiency
efficiency = (useful output transferred by the device) / (total input supplied to the device)
no device can be more that 100% efficient
HIGHER - Improving Efficiency
friction between the moving parts causing heat → lubricant to reduce friction
resistance of a wire causing wire to get hot when current passes through it → use wires with as little electrical resistance as possible
air resistance causing energy to be transferred from the object to surrounding by energy from force being wasted → streamline the shapes of moving objects to reduce air resistance
sound created by machinery → cut out the noise (e.g. tighten loose parts to reduce vibrations)
Power
Power (W) = energy transferred to appliance (J) / time taken for energy to be transferred (s)
P = E / t
Power (W) = current² (A) x resistance (Ω)
P = I² x R