P1 Conservation and Dissipation of Energy - AQA Trilogy Physics

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Energy Stores

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14 Terms

1

Energy Stores

  • kinetic - in a moving object

  • elastic

  • thermal

  • nuclear

  • chemical

  • gravitational

  • electrostatic - two separate electric charges that are attracting of repelling)

  • magnetic

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2

Energy Carriers

  • mechanical

  • electrical

  • by heating

  • by radiation

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3

Conservation of Energy

  • energy cannot be created or destroyed

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4

Closed System

  • no energy transfers take place out of or into the energy stores of the system

  • energy can be transferred between energy stores in a closed system

  • the total of the energy in the system if always the same before and after

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5

Work Done

  • energy transferred = work done

  • work done (J) = force applied (N) x distance moved along the line of action of the force (m)

  • W = Fs

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6

Friction

  • work done to overcome friction is mainly transferred to the thermal energy stores of the objects that rub together and to the surroundings

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7

Gravitational Potential Energy

  • gravitational potential energy store (J) = mass (kg) x gravitational field strength (N/kg) x change in height (m)

  • E(p) = mg∆h

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8

Kinetic Energy

  • kinetic energy (J) = 0.5 x mass (kg) x speed² (m/s²)

  • E(k) = 0.5 x m x v²

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9

Elastic Potential Energy

  • elastic potential energy (J) = 0.5 x spring constant (N/m) x extension² (m²)

  • E(e) = 0.5 x k x e²

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10

Useful Energy

  • energy that is in the place and form wanted

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11

Wasted Energy

  • energy that is not transferred to the place or form wanted

  • eventually transferred to the surroundings which becomes warmer

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12

Efficiency

  • efficiency = (useful output transferred by the device) / (total input supplied to the device)

  • no device can be more that 100% efficient

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13

HIGHER - Improving Efficiency

  • friction between the moving parts causing heat → lubricant to reduce friction

  • resistance of a wire causing wire to get hot when current passes through it → use wires with as little electrical resistance as possible

  • air resistance causing energy to be transferred from the object to surrounding by energy from force being wasted → streamline the shapes of moving objects to reduce air resistance

  • sound created by machinery → cut out the noise (e.g. tighten loose parts to reduce vibrations)

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14

Power

  • Power (W) = energy transferred to appliance (J) / time taken for energy to be transferred (s)

  • P = E / t

  • Power (W) = current² (A) x resistance (Ω)

  • P = I² x R

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