Untitled Flashcards Set

depressive disorders

A group of disorders characterized by an enduring sad, empty, or irritable mood, along with physical and cognitive changes that affect a person's ability to function.

bipolar disorders

A group of disorders in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania.

major depressive disorder

A disorder in which a person experiences five or more symptoms lasting two or more weeks, with at least one being either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure.

persistent depressive disorder

A disorder in which people experience a depressed mood on more days than not for at least two years.

bipolar I disorder

The most severe form of bipolar disorder in which individuals experience euphoria, talkativeness, high energy, and ambition lasting a week or longer.

mania

A hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

bipolar II disorder

A less severe form of bipolar disorder in which individuals move between depression and a milder hypomania.

rumination

Compulsive fretting; overthinking problems and their causes.

schizophrenia spectrum disorders

A group of disorders characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thinking or speech, and negative symptoms.

psychotic disorders

A group of disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

delusion

A false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

chronic schizophrenia

A form of schizophrenia where symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood.

acute schizophrenia

A form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, often in response to a traumatic event, with a higher chance of recovery.

dissociative disorders

A rare group of disorders characterized by a disruption of consciousness, memory, identity, emotion, perception, body representation, motor control, and behavior.

dissociative identity disorder (DID)

A rare dissociative disorder where a person exhibits two or more distinct and alternating identities.

dissociative amnesia

A disorder characterized by experiencing memory gaps related to trauma, without any apparent physical cause.

personality disorders

A group of disorders characterized by enduring behavior patterns that are pervasive, inflexible, and cause distress.

antisocial personality disorder

A personality disorder where a person exhibits a lack of conscience for wrongdoing.

feeding and eating disorders

Disorders characterized by altered consumption or absorption of food that affects health.

anorexia nervosa

An eating disorder where a person maintains a starvation diet despite being significantly underweight.

bulimia nervosa

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by inappropriate weight-loss behaviors.

neurodevelopmental disorders

Disorders affecting the central nervous system that begin in childhood and alter thinking and behavior.

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

A disorder that appears in childhood, marked by limitations in communication and social interaction.

attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

A psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity.

deinstitutionalization

The process of moving people with psychological disorders out of institutional facilities.

psychotherapy

Treatment involving psychological techniques through interactions between a therapist and client.

biomedical therapy

Treatments involving prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on physiology.

eclectic approach

An approach to psychotherapy using techniques from various forms of therapy.

psychoanalysis

Freud's therapeutic technique that releases repressed feelings through free associations and interpretations.

resistance

The blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material in psychoanalysis.

interpretation

In psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting of significant behaviors to promote insight.

transference

The patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships.

psychodynamic therapy

Therapy focusing on unconscious forces and childhood experiences to enhance self-insight.

insight therapies

Therapies aiming to improve psychological functioning by increasing awareness of underlying motives.

person-centered therapy

A humanistic therapy by Carl Rogers using active listening in an accepting environment.

active listening

Empathic listening where the listener echoes and clarifies for better understanding.

unconditional positive regard

A nonjudgmental attitude believed to help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

behavior therapy

Therapy using learning principles to reduce unwanted behaviors.

counterconditioning

Behavior therapy that evokes new responses to stimuli triggering unwanted behaviors.

exposure therapies

Behavioral techniques that expose people to their feared stimuli to treat anxieties.

systematic desensitization

A type of exposure therapy that associates relaxation with increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli.

virtual reality exposure therapy

A counterconditioning technique using electronic simulations to safely face fears.

aversive conditioning

Associates an unpleasant state with an unwanted behavior.

token economy

An operant conditioning procedure where individuals earn tokens for desired behaviors.

cognitive therapy

Therapy teaching new adaptive ways of thinking based on the relationship between thoughts and emotions.

rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

A confrontational cognitive therapy that challenges illogical attitudes and assumptions.

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

An integrative therapy combining cognitive and behavior therapy.

group therapy

Therapy conducted with groups, offering benefits from group interaction.

family therapy

Therapy treating people in the context of their family system, focusing on interactions.

confirmation bias

The tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions.

meta-analysis

A statistical procedure for analyzing multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.

evidence-based practice

Clinical decision making integrating research with clinical expertise and client preferences.

therapeutic alliance

A bond of trust and mutual understanding between therapist and client.

psychopharmacology

The study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

antipsychotic drugs

Drugs used to treat schizophrenia and severe thought disorders.

antianxiety drugs

Drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

antidepressant drugs

Drugs used to treat depressive and anxiety disorders.

electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

A biomedical therapy involving sending an electric current through the brain for severe depression.

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

Application of magnetic energy to the brain to stimulate or suppress activity.

psychosurgery

Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue to change behavior.

lobotomy

A psychosurgical procedure to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients.

hypnosis

A social interaction where a hypnotist suggests perceptions, feelings, or thoughts to a subject.

dissociation

A split in consciousness allowing some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously.

posthypnotic suggestion

A suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized.

posttraumatic growth

Positive psychological changes following struggles with challenging circumstances.