World History - Unit 6 Imperialism

Imperialism

Domination by one country of the political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region.

Protectorate

Country with its own government but under the control of an outside power.

Sphere of influence

Area in which an outside power claims exclusive investment or trading privileges.

Genocide

Deliberate attempt to destroy an entire religious or ethnic group.

Sepoy

Indian soldier.

Viceroy

Someone who is sent to govern/rule in the name of the queen/king.

Indemnity

Payment for losses in the war.

E (Empire)

Economy; manufacturers wanted access to natural resources such as rubber, petroleum, manganese for steel, and palm oil for machinery.

M (eMpire)

Military; Europe wanted to claim territory to create bases to protect their growing empires.

P (emPire)

Politics; different European countries competed with other European countries for power.

I (empIre)

Ideologies; Europeans believed they should 'civilize' people in other parts of the world.

R (empiRe)

Religion; many desired to spread Christianity to parts of the world that followed other belief systems.

Direct rule

Sending officials and soldiers to administer the colonies; goal was to impose French culture.

Indirect rule

Govern the colonies using local rulers; encourage the children of the ruling class to get a western education.

Protectorates (Forms of Imperial Rule)

Local rulers were left in place but were expected to follow the advice of European advisors.

Sphere of influence (forms of Imperial Rule)

Europeans created spheres of influence in China and elsewhere to prevent conflicts among themselves.

King Leopold II

Hired journalist Henry Stanley to explore the Congo Basin and arrange treaties with African leaders.

Berlin Conference

European powers met in 1884 in Berlin, Germany, to avoid war and bloodshed; no Africans were invited.

Congo

Leopold and other wealthy Belgians began to exploit the riches found in the Congo, leading to atrocities.

Union of South Africa

Established in 1910 after uniting Cape Colony and Boer lands.

Menelik II

Ruler of Ethiopia who modernized his country and prepared for invasion.

Ethiopia

Only African nation, aside from Liberia, to keep its independence.

Armenian genocide

Genocide of over 1 million Armenians in the Ottoman Empire over a 25-year period.

Muhammad Ali

Appointed governor of Egypt and introduced political and economic reforms in 1805.

Egypt

Semi-independent province in 1800.

Ali

Backed large irrigation projects to increase farm output which increased Egypt's participation in world trade.

Suez Canal

100 mile waterway linking the Mediterranean and Red Seas which would shorten the sea route from Europe to Asia.

Ferdinand de Lesseps

French entrepreneur who organized a company to build the Suez Canal.

British East India Company

Had exclusive trading rights on the eastern border of India since the early 1600s.

Sepoy Rebellion

Angry sepoys revolted against British officers, leading to a brutal massacre and retaliation.

Ram Mohun Roy

Felt that India could learn from the West while wanting to revitalize and reform traditional Indian culture.

Indian National Congress

Organized in 1885 by educated Indian nationalists to seek self-rule and some western style modernizations.

Muslim League

Formed in 1906 to pursue goals of a separate Muslim state due to concerns over Hindu domination.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared that the American continents are not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by European powers.

Spanish-American War

U.S. joined Cubans in 1898 to declare war on Spain, resulting in the U.S. gaining Puerto Rico, the Philippines, and Guam.

Panama Canal

Built to facilitate movement between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, following a revolt backed by the U.S.

Opium War

Started in 1839 when Chinese warships clashed with British merchants, leading to a British victory.

Treaty of Nanjing

Ended the Opium Wars, requiring China to open 5 ports to Western trade and ceding Hong Kong to Britain.

Sino-Japanese War

Japan's modernization led to conflict with China over Korea, resulting in China's loss of Taiwan.

Open Door Policy

Stated that Chinese trade would be open to everyone on an equal basis, without consulting China.

Boxer Rebellion

A secret society in China attacked foreigners in 1900 to drive out those they saw as polluting the land.

Sun Yixian

Spokesman for a Chinese republic who organized the Revolutionary Alliance and became president after the Qing dynasty fell.

Three Principles of the People

Nationalism, Democracy, and Economic security for all Chinese, proposed by Sun Yixian.