y9 Organic Chemistry

what are Organic Compounds?

Organic compounds are characterized by the formation of carbon atoms in long chains as a molecule.

What type of bonds makes these organic molecules

covalent bonds

What are hydrocarbons?

Hydrocarbons are the simplest form of organic compounds as they are made of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms in chains

organic compounds have high melting point? Ture or False

true

solubility in water for organic compounds is high. True or False

Low

organic compounds have low flammability rate. True or false

true

What is Crude oil?

complex mixture of hydrocarbons formed from the remains of ancient marine organisms.

How can crude oil be found underground? Define that method

seismic surveys. They involve sending shockwaves into the ground and can infer the material down there depending on the way the waves bounce back.

What is used in the drilling step of crude oil extraction?

drilling rig

What is drilling mud and what are its benefits?

Drilling mud is a mixture of clay, water and chemicals to lubricate the drill. It takes little rock particles to the surface and helps maintain pressure preventing blowouts.

Once the drill has reached the oil reservoir what happens?

casings are inserted and a perforating gun is also placed to create holes for the oil to flow through. Pressure usually pushes the oil up but sometimes pumps are used.

what is a blowout?

when an uncontrolled amount of gas or oil which sometimes causes explosions when pressure is too high.

What is Fractional Distillation

Heating of crude oil to separate it into different fractions based on melting points

how are the components (hydrocarbons such as methane and bitumen) in crude oil organized in distillation columns while melting them?

Lighter hydrocarbons rise to the top of the distillation column while heavier ones stay lower in the distillation column

What are alkanes?

Simplest type of organic compound and consist of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

Another name for Alkanes.

saturated hydrocarbons, because they have only singular bonds

What is the formula for alkanes?

C_nH_2nt2

What is nomenclature?

naming things using a system

nomenclature for organic compounds rules was implemented by the company…

IUPAC - Internation Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

name the first 10 prefixes of alkanes

1: meth-

2: eth-

3: prop-

4: but-

5: pent-

6: hex-

7: hep-

8: oct-

9: non-

10: dec-

What is the name for the longest carbon chain?

Parent chain

What is the name for the branches coming out of the parent chain?

Substituents

How is the name classified when naming branched alkanes?

The numbering starts at the end of the chain closest to the branch, so that the substituents have the lowest possible numbers.

What is complete combustion?

occurs when a hydrocarbon has an ample amount of energy to react with.

What are the main products of complete combustion?

water (H₂O), Carbon dioxide (CO₂), and ENERGY

What is the general formula for Complete combustion?

Chemical Equation:

hydrocarbon + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O + ENERGY

Word Equation:

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water vapour + ENERGY

Provide 2 benefits of complete combustion.

• It is efficient; more energy is produced in complete combustion with the same amount of fuel, than incomplete combustion

• environmentally friendly

What is incomplete combustion?

When the amount of oxygen for hydrocarbons to react with is limited.

What are the main products of incomplete combustion?

Water (H₂O), Carbon (soot) (CO₂), Carbon monoxide (CO) and ENERGY

What is the general formula for incomplete combustion?

hydrocarbon + oxygen → carbon monoxide + water vapour + carbon (soot) + ENERGY

Why does the chemical formula for incomplete combustion not have its own formula like complete combustion?

because the amount of oxygen determines how much of each product is released

Name a few risks of incomplete combustion

• carbon monoxide can interfere with oxygen transmission throughout the body

• soot (carbon) is a carcinogen

• soot can destroy roof tops over time

• air pollution

• inefficient

• carbon monoxide can contribute to the formation of ground-level ozone, a harmful air pollutant