Childhood Spch/sound disorder Slide Set 1

What are Speech Sound Disorders (SSD)

Difficulty with perceiving, phonologically (mentally) representing and/or articulating speech, impacting speech intelligibility and acceptability, not typical of a child’s age

How Common is it for children to have SSD?

Prevalence rates for SSD vary across the literature.

2.30% to 24.60% (without co-occurring language impairment.)

How does SSD impact children?

SSD can have a negative social impact on children including difficulty making themselves understood, maintaining/making friendships, being subjected to bullying, low self-esteem, not enjoying school as much as non-SSD children.

Across the outcome research young children with concomitant SSD and language impairment

May be more likley to have speech/academic difficulty (particularly in literacy) during school-age/adolescent years and pooer educational/occupational outcomes.

Typical characteristics of children referred for SSD

Avg age for referal is 4:3

Boy to girl ratio 2:1

Children with family history of speech and language difficulties or low maternal education are

7.71x as likely to have SSD.

Children with SSD only, generally, have a better

prognosis than children with both an SSD and a concomitant language disorder.

Speech sound disorders have two branches

Phonology branch and motor speech branch

The SSD that fall under the phonology branch which are

Phonological impairment, inconsistent speech disorder

The SSD that fall under the motor speech disorder category which are

Articulation impairment, childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), and childhood dysarthria.

Phonological Impairment

A cognitive-linguistic difficulty with learning the phonological system of a language. No known cause.

An SSD is characterized by characterized by pattern-based speech errors such as substitutions, deletions, or velar fronting) is likely

a phonological impairment

Pattern-based speech errors

may be delayed for a child’s age or disordered

What is the most common type of SSD?

Phonological impairment

What is Inconsistent Speech Disorder?

Type of SSD characterized by inconsistent productions of the same lexical item (word). No known cause.

An SSD characterized by problems associated with a phonological assembly difficulty (i.e., difficulty selecting and sequencing phonemes for words) without accompanying oromotor difficulties is likely

an inconsistent speech disorder

What is a Articulation Impairment?

Type of SSD characterized by speech sounds errors typically only involving sibilants and/or rhotics (typically, s, z, r, and er)

An SSD characterized by motor speech difficulty involving the physical production (i.e., articulation) of specific speech sounds is likely

An articulation impairment

What may underlie an articulation impairment?

Speech perception difficulties

Motor planning

creating an articulator-specific (not muscle-specific) plan for producing speech

Motor programming

specifies the parameters or scaling variables of muscle movement needed to realize the plan (i.e., what muscles you need to move, when, and how)

Motor execution

the physical production of the programmed movements

What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)?

CAS is motor speech disorder associated with a difficulty planning and programming movement sequences, resulting in dysprosody and errors in speech sound production

CAS is also called

developmental dyspraxia, developmental verbal dyspraxia, developmental apraxia of speech

What is Childhood Dysarthria?

Motor speech disorder involving difficulty with the sensorimotor control processes involved in the production of speech, typically motor programming and execution.

Childhood dysarthira is often a result of

neurological impairment during or after birth, through traumatic brain injury, or a neurological condition

The six types of dysarthria are

flaccid, spastic, hyperkinetic, hypokinetic, ataxic, and mixed

What Causes SSD in Children?

The origin of SSD for majority of children with SSD is unknown, but a small amount may have genetic, developmental, cognitive causes, amongst others.

Risk factors

Childhood factors (hearing issues, male, reactivity.)

Parental factors (Fam Hx of spch/lang probs, low parent education.)

Family factors (socioeconomic, minority)

What Problems That Can Co-Occur with SSD?

Children with SSD can have co-occurring difficulties with other aspects of communication, including language impairment, literacy challenges, stuttering, orormotor/voice issues.

Phonemes

a speech sound that serves to contrast meaning between words in a language

Allophone

phonetic realizations of a phoneme; sounds which do not change linguistic meaning of morphemes

Allomorphs

Any of the acceptable form of a morpheme. (e.g., cats /kæts/, (z) of pigs /pɪgz/, and /ɪz/ horses (hɔrsɪz) are allomorphs of the English plural morpheme)

Minimal pairs

word pairs that differ by a single phoneme and have different meanings

Near minimal pairs

word pairs that differ simply by the presence or absence of a phoneme