BY 124L Kingdom Animalia

Sac body plan

one opening to gut cavity

tube-in-tube body plan

gut cavity has 2 openings: entrance/mouth and exit/anus

Lack of germ layers

cellular-level organization

No tissues or organs present

Diploblastic

Tissue-level organization

2 germ layers: ectoderm and endoderm

Triploblastic 

Organ-level organization

3 germ layers: ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

Acoelomate

No cavity between gut and outer covering

Pseudocoelomate

Body cavity present, but is not completely lined with mesoderm

coelomate

Body cavity present and completely lines with mesoderm

No blastopore

Organism is not triploblastic

Organism does not have organ-level organization needed to have blastopore formation 

Protostome

Blastopore = mouth

spiral and determinate

mesoderm splits to from coelom

Deuterostome

Blastopore = anus\

radial and indterminate 

Archenteron folds form coelom

Not segmented

lack duplication of body components and/or organs and no compartmentalization

Segmented

Duplication of body components and/or organs and presence of compartmentalization

Phylum Porifera

Sponges

Hermaphroditic (individuals both male and female)

Reproduce sexually and asexually (budding)

Filter feed via 2 specialized cell types: collar cells/choanocytes and amoebocytes

Phylum Porifera 3 classes

Class Calcarea (has calcium carbonate spicules)

Class Hexactinellida (has silica spicules) 

Class Demospongiae (has spongin spicules)

Phylum Cnidaria

Mesoglea- jelly-like layer between epidermis and gastrodermis

Nerve net- non-centralized arrangement of neurons

Food brought into gastrovascular cavity and digested extracellularly, then phagocytized

Cnidocytes w nematocysts

Some species alternate bw polyp and medusa forms

Larva called planula

Cnidaria larva

planula

Class Hydrozoa

Phylum Cnidarai

Polyp dom form for life cycles

Hydra exists only as polyp and is solitary 

Portuguese Man o’ War falls here

Siphonophore

colonial organism made up of many specialized parts (each its own organism)

Portuguese Man o’ War

Class Scyphozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

True Jellies

Medusa form dom life cycle

Class Cubozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

Box Jellies/Sea Wasps

Sea turtles immune to sting- they eat them

Can kill adult human within minutes (Chironex flckeri)

Class Anthozoa

Phylum Cnidaria

Corals and sea anemones

Polyp only form

symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae photosynthetic dinoflagellates 

Phylum ctenophora

Comb Jellies

Largest animal that exclusively uses cilia for locomotion

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Branched gastrovascular cavity, both extracellular and intracellular digestion

No circulatory or respiratory system

Excretion via flame cells in protonephridia

Nerve cords w ganglia

Body is dorsa-ventrally flattened 

Subphylum Catenulida

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Chain worms

Subphylum Rhabdotiophora

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Planaria, Trematodes, Tapeworms

Class Turbellaria

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Mostly free-living

Have “eyespots” that are light-sensitive

Capable of primitive learning

Planaria 

Class Trematoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Fulkes

All are parasitic

Have complex life cycles with several hosts

Clas Cestoda

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Tapeworms

Scolex-head region

Have hooks and suckers on head

Have repeating packets of reproductive organs called proglottids

Often has 2+ hosts

Phylum Rotifera

Cell constant animals: same number of cells, once cell lost never replaced

Grinding organ called mastax

Can undergo parthenogenesis

Tube-in-tube Body Plan

Bilateral Symmetry

Organ-level organization

Protostome

Pseudocoelomate

Phylum Nematoda

Round worms

Only posses longitudinal muscles

Some free-living; some parasitic

Hydrostatic skeleton

Trichinella, hookworms, pin worms, filaria worms

Phylum Nemertea

Proboscis/Ribbon Worms

One-way digestive system

Simple circulatory system

Tube-in-tube Body Plan

Bilateral Symmetry

Organ-level organization

Protostome

Coelomate

Phylum Mollusca

2nd largest of all animal phyla

Found in all habitats 

Most have separate sexes (snails are hermaphrodites)

Possess all major organ systems

Most have open circulatory system (cephalopoda has closed)

5 characteristics: mantle, calcium carbonate shell, visceral mass, radula, muscular foot 

Class Polyplacophora

Phylum Mollusca

Chintons

Shell is segmented but animal is not

Found at intertidal zones

Uses radula to scrape algae off rocks 

Class Bivaliva

Phylum Mollusca

Clams, oysters, scallops, mussels

Filter feeders (no radula)

Shell divided into 2 halves

Class Gastropoda

Phylum Mollusca

Snails, Whelks, Slugs,

Mantle is hihgly vascularized for respiration (terrestrial forms)

Torsion, twist in organs during development, is present

Class Scaphopoda

Phylum Mollusca

Toothshells

Look like a canine tooth

Class Cephalopoda

Phylum Mollusca

Octopus, squid, nautilus, cuttlefish

Food modified into siphon, tentacles, and head

Closed circulatory system

Camera-type eye

Phylum Annelida

Segmented Worms

Each segment contains a distinct organ

Both circular and longitudinal muscles

Closed circulatory system and blood w hemoglobin

Hydrostatic skeleton

Clade Errantia

Phylum Annelida

Marine, highly mibile polychaete worms

Well developed jaws and sense organs

Highly vascularize parapodia

Clade Sedentaria

Phylum Annelida

burrowing clitellates (leeches and earthworms) and tube-dwelling polychaetes

Class Oligochaeta

Phylum Annelida

Earthworms

Improve soil texture

Hermaphroditic

Class Polychaeta

Phylum Annelida

Includes marine worms and fan worms

Highly vascularized paired appendages known as parapodia used for locomotion and gas exchange

Class Hirudinea

Phylum Annelida

Leeches

Most parasitic- others carnivorous

Suckers at both ends of the body - take bottom sucker off first

Secrete anesthetic when hole in skin is made so prey doesn’t feel it

Secrete hirudin in wound so blood does not clot

Grouping Onychophora

Velvet worms

Annelid traits- internal segmentation, duplicated organs, no jointed legs

Arthropod traits- jaw, open circulatory system, respiratory system, cuticle from chitin

Weird arthropod

Humid, tropical regions

Phylum Arthopoda

Largest of all animal phyla - > 1 million species

Jointed appendages, legs modified for feeding, swimming, copulation, and defense

Exoskeleton made oc chitin

Internal fertilization

Open circulatory system

Excretion- green glands for aquatic and Malpighian tubules for terrestrial

Subphylum Trilobitomorpha

Phylum Arthropoda

All extinct

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Phylum Arthropoda

Anterior cephalothorax followed by abdomen

6 pairs of appendages: 1st chelicerae (pincher-like mouthparts), 2nd pedipalps (feeding), other 4 are walking legs

Respiratory tubes in book lungs or tracheal tubes

No antennae 

Single lens eye

Class Merostomata

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Horsehoe crab

Most are extinct

“living fossils”

Class Pycnogondia

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Sea Spideers

Body looks like super skinny spider

Class Arachnida

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Spiders, ticks, mites, scorpions

All have book lungs

Subphylum Cheliceriformes

Class Merostomata (horseshoe crab)

Class Pycnogonida (sea spider)

Class Arachnida (scorpions, spiders)

Class Chilopoda

Phylum Arthropoda

Subphylum Myriapoda

Centipedes

1 or 2 pairs of antennae, compiund eyes, 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouthparts

All terrestrial

Carnivorous

1 pair of legs per segment

Poison claws on first body segment

Class Diplopoda

Phylum Anthropoda

Subphylum Myriapoda

Millipedes

1 or 2 pairs of antenna, compound eyes, 3 pairs of appendages modified as mouth parts

All terrestrial

Herbiborous

2 pairs of legs per segement 

Among earliest land animals

Subphylum Myriapoda

Class Chilopoda (centipedes)

Class Diplopoda (millipedes) 

Subphylum Hexapoda

3 body regoins- head, thorax, abdomen

Mouthparts for chewing, sucking, or lapping

3 pairs of legs

2 pairs of wings

Mostly terrestrial 

Class Insecta

Class Insecta

Phylum Arthopoda

Subphylum Hexapoda

Mouth parts- pair of mandibles, pair of maxillae, and lower lip called labium

Legs and wings on thorax

Structures involved in mating are on the abdomen

Tracheal systems for respiration

Metamorphosis

Subphylum Crustacea

Phylum Arthropoda

Crabs, lobsters, shrimp, krill, barnacles, crayfish

Body of 2 or 3 parts

Marine and freshwater

Have appendages on abdomen