Psychology chapter 10 human development

Development

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death marked by the two themes of transition and continuity

Prenatal period

The time span from conception to birth. Usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy

Germinal stage

The first phase of prenatal development encompassing the first two weeks after conception. During this time, the fertilized zygote becomes a mass of multiplying cells called the blastocyst and implants in the uterine wall. Additionally, the placenta begins to form

Placenta

A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

Embryonic stage

The second stage of prenatal development from 2 weeks until the end of the second month. During this time the baby is called an embryo. most of the vital organs and bodily systems begin to form as well as appendages start to become discernible.

Embryonic stage

During this stage the baby is very vulnerable because basic physiological structures are being formed and deviations from normal development has drastic effects

Fetal stage

The third stage of prenatal development lasting from 2 months through birth during which the baby grows rapidly and muscles and bones be into form.  The fetus is capable of physical movements and organs continue to grow and gradually begin to function. the baby also puts on fat

Threshold viability

An agent which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth. This occurs between 23 and 25 weeks

Nutrition

Receiving adequate food as well as a balanced diet with essential vitamins and minerals is important to the developing baby

Stress

Prenatal _______ can be harmful because mother's emotional reactions to stressful events can disrupt the delicate hormone balance that fosters healthy prenatal development

Drugs

This has major impacts on the health of babies as the substances can get through the placenta and affect s the developing baby causing stillbirth defects or dependence upon birth

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy including microcephaly heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, delayed motor development and impaired cognitive development

Maternal illness

Sometimes disease is contracted by the mother can affect the baby including HIV.

Environmental toxins

Things like air pollution and chemicals harm babies in the womb

Adult

Prenatal developmental abnormalities can affect mental health as an ____________

Motor development

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Maturation

Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint. Genetically programmed physical changes that come with age rather than through experience in learning

Developmental norms

The typical or median age at which most individuals display various behaviors and abilities. 

Attachment

The close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers .

Separation anxiety

Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Secure attachment

When children are calm and comfortable with their mother present become upset when she leaves and are calmed upon her return. Usually forms with lots of maternal sensitivity

Anxious ambivalent attachment

When children appear anxious, even when their mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves but are not particularly comforted when she returns

Avoidant attachment

When children seek little contact with their mothers and are often not distressed when she leaves

Maternal sensitivity

How mothers are sensitive and responsive to their children's needs . This promotes secure attachments

Babbling

One infants make vocalizations which are usually nonsense syllables. This becomes gradually more complex and increasingly resembles language as they develop

Receptive vocabulary

What is greater for toddlers, receptive vocabulary or productive vocabulary ?

Receptive vocabulary

Words one can comprehend one spoken by others

Productive vocabulary

Words one can actually Express themselves

Fast mapping

The process by which children map a word onto an underlying concept after only one exposure

Overextension

When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a wider set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Underextension

When a child incorrectly uses a word to describe a narrower set of objects or actions than it is meant to

Telegraphic speech

Speech that consists mainly of content words with articles, prepositions and other less critical words omitted

Overregularizations

When grammatical rules are incorrectly generalized to irregular cases where they do not apply

Stage

A developmental. During which characteristic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established

Erik Erickson

The psychologist that devised a stage theory for personality development

Psychosocial crisis

A potential turning point which involves transitions in important social relationships, leading to personality development

Trust versus mistrust

Stage 1 of the stage theory of personality which occurs during the first year of life and is where children decide if their world is predictable and supportive

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

The second stage of a personality development which occurs during years two and three and is where children decide if they can do things themselves or if they must rely on others. If their parents are never satisfied with their efforts, the child may develop a sense of shame.

Initiative versus guilt

The third stage of personality development which occurs during years 4 through 6 and is where children decide if they are good or bad and how they will function socially within their family. They have to decide if they will consider the needs of their other family members or only their own which results in guilt and low self-esteem

Industry versus inferiority

The fourth stage of personality development which occurs in year 6 through puberty and is where children grapple with whether they are competent or worthless. They have to learn to function socially beyond just their family and become productive in society

Identity versus confusion

The fifth stage of personality development, which occurs during adolescence is where individuals decide who they are and where they're going.

Intimacy versus isolation

The sixth stage of personality development which occurs during early adulthood and is where individuals decide if they should share their life with another or live alone

Generativity versus self-absorption

The seventh stage of personality development which occurs during middle adulthood and is where individuals must ponder if they will produce something a real value

Integrity versus despair

The eighth stage of personality development which occurs in late adulthood and is where people ponder if they have lived fulfilling life

Cognitive development

Transitions in youngsters patterns of thinking including reasoning, remembering and problem solving

Sensorimotor period

The first stage of cognitive development which occurs from birth to 2 years old and is where children learn coordination of sensory input and motor responses and develop object permanence

Preoperational Period

The second stage of cognitive development which involves development of symbolic thought marked by flaws like irreversibility centration and egocentrism. This takes place from 2 to 7 years old

Object permanence

This develops when a child recognizes the objects continue to exist even when they are no longer visible and it usually occurs between 4 and 18 months of age

Conservation

Piaget's term for the awareness that physical quantities remain constant in spite of changes in their shape or appearance.

Centration

The tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem neglecting other important aspects

Irreversibility

The inability to envision reversing an action

Egocentrism

A limited ability to share another person's viewpoint

Animism

The belief that all things are living

Concrete operational period 

Stage 3 of cognitive development which occurs from 7 to 11 years and is when mental operations are applied to concrete events. Decentration reversibility decline in egocentrism and gradual mastery of conservation is seen but some still struggle with hierarchical classification 

Hierarchical classification

Problems that require individuals to focus simultaneously on two levels of classification

Formal operational period

The stage of cognitive development which begins around 11 years of age and continues to adulthood and is where mental operations become applied to abstract ideas and thinking becomes more logical and systematic

Flaws of Piaget’s theory

Piaget underestimated young children's cognitive development and overlooked the mixing of stages and underestimated how much the timetable of stages varies between children and cultures

Sociocultural theory

A theory on cognitive development developed by Lev Vygotsky which emphasizes the impact of social interactions with parents, teachers and older children on cognitive development as well as the crucial Central role of language acquisition in cognitive development

Private speech

Talking to oneself ; Piaget Saw this as evidence that language acquisition plays a crucial role in fostering cognitive development as children use private speech to plan strategies regularly actions and accomplish goals.

Innate

Some cognitive abilities seem to be ___________ as infants appear to understand surprisingly complex concepts, they have had no opportunity to learn about suggesting some cognitive abilities are biologically pre-wired into human. 

Lawrence Kohlberg

A psychologist that developed a stage theory from moral development, which focuses more on moral reasoning than over behavior .

Preconventional level

The level where younger children think of moral problems in terms of external authority and make decisions based on punishment or rewards.

Conventional level

The level where children have moral reasoning where they see rules as necessary for maintaining social order and accept these rules as their own to be virtuous and when approval from others. Rules are viewed as absolute

Postconventional level

The level of moral development, which involves working out a personal code of ethics and acceptance of rules is less rigid with some flexibility

Moral intuitions

Immediate automatic emotional reactions to people's behavior that affect moral judgments

Cons of kohlberg theory

Critics argue that moral behavior is much more emotional, intuitive and irrational than Kohlberg envisioned and he doesn't consider aspects like conscience, empathy and honesty

Stage

A typical trend with _________ theories is that children differ and the timing of their progression through stages can be approximated but transitions and ages can vary from one child to another.

Increased; twice

Since the 1960’s married men’s contribution to housework has _________ noticeably but women till tend to do __________ as much work around the house.

2

In the first ____ months of fetal development the baby undergoes rapid body growth spurred by the development of muscle and bones

3

During the last _______ months of the prenatal period brain cells multiply quickly, the fetus gains fatty layers, the respiratory system matures, and the central nervous system gains increased control over bodily functions.

False

True or false: Motor development is largely passive and due to maturation.

Attachment

The pattern of ____________ in infancy is important because children develop mental models of future close relationships based on their early attachment experiences. 

38

How many weeks is considered full term?

Groups

Do gender differences describe individuals or groups as a whole?

Protective factors 

Factors that diminish vulnerability to Alzheimer’s disease including regular exercise, lower cardiovascular risk factors (absence of high blood pressure, no history of smoking, no diabetes), and frequent participation in stimulating, new cognitive activities. 

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical features that distinguish one sex from the other but are not essential for reproduction

Puberty

The stage during which sexual features reach maturity which marks the beginning of adolescence

Primary sex characteristics

Structures necessary for reproduction

Menarche

The first occurrence of menstruation and a signal for puberty in girls

Spermarche

The first occurrence of ejaculation and the signal for puberty in boys

Early

___________ maturation has been associated with greater use of tobacco, alcohol and other drugs. More has risk behavior, greater aggression and more trouble with the law as well as increased risk for eating problems. 

Increases

During adolescence the volume of white matter in the brain ____________ as neurons become more myelated

Decreases

During adolescence the amount of gray matter _________ which reflects synaptic pruning

Prefrontal cortex

The last area of the brain to fully mature and the executive control center. Explains why risky behavior peaks during adolescence

Neural imbalance model

The model that explains adolescent risk-taking by the mismatch in development of the prefrontal cortex, which occurs later and the development of a subcortical dopamine circuits that mature earlier

Identity

Eric Erickson proposed that adolescence was a time where individuals search for their _________

Identity statuses

Four different categories produced by a sense of commitment and a sense of crisis. These were proposed by James Marcia

Identity diffusion

Estate of rudderless apathy with no commitment to ideology

Identity foreclosure

A premature commitment to visions values and roles typically those prescribed by one's parents. associated with conformity and not being very open to new experiences

Identity moratorium

Delaying commitment for a while to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers

Identity achievement

Arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities

Emerging adulthood

A new proposed developmental stage between the years of 18 and 29 . Marked by features like the subjective feeling. That one is between adult incense and adulthood and that people are optimistic about their future and possibilities it also tends to be a self-focused time of life and a period of instability

Percentile; raw

In adulthood ____________ scores of personality remain stable but ______ scores change in meaningful trends.

Intimacy v Isolation

The first stage of personality development which occurs during adulthood according to Erikson where people develop the capacity to share intimacy with others.

Generativity v Self-Absorption

The stage of personality development in adulthood where adults acquire a genuine concern for the welfare of future generations and providing guidance. Or people can focus on self-indulgent concerns.

Integrity v Despair

The stage of personality development during retirement age years where one either feels a sense of fulfillment or dwells on past mistakes

Increased

Recently, the transitional period “between families” has ______________

Strife

Sources of __________ in marriage: balancing work, marriage, and financial concerns, cohabiting prior to marriage, negotiation of marital roles, adjusting the children etc.

Women

Who tends to assume more household responsibilities?

False

True or false: Children increase marital satisfaction