Psychology chapter 10 human development

Development

The sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death marked by the two themes of transition and continuity

Prenatal period

The time span from conception to birth. Usually encompassing 9 months of pregnancy

Germinal stage

The first phase of prenatal development encompassing the first two weeks after conception. During this time, the fertilized zygote becomes a mass of multiplying cells called the blastocyst and implants in the uterine wall. Additionally, the placenta begins to form

Placenta

A structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother

Embryonic stage

The second stage of prenatal development from 2 weeks until the end of the second month. During this time the baby is called an embryo. most of the vital organs and bodily systems begin to form as well as appendages start to become discernible.

Embryonic stage

During this stage the baby is very vulnerable because basic physiological structures are being formed and deviations from normal development has drastic effects

Fetal stage

The third stage of prenatal development lasting from 2 months through birth during which the baby grows rapidly and muscles and bones be into form.  The fetus is capable of physical movements and organs continue to grow and gradually begin to function. the baby also puts on fat

Threshold viability

An agent which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth. This occurs between 23 and 25 weeks

Nutrition

Receiving adequate food as well as a balanced diet with essential vitamins and minerals is important to the developing baby

Stress

Prenatal _______ can be harmful because mother's emotional reactions to stressful events can disrupt the delicate hormone balance that fosters healthy prenatal development

Drugs

This has major impacts on the health of babies as the substances can get through the placenta and affect s the developing baby causing stillbirth defects or dependence upon birth

Fetal alcohol syndrome

A collection of congenital problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy including microcephaly heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, delayed motor development and impaired cognitive development

Maternal illness

Sometimes disease is contracted by the mother can affect the baby including HIV.

Environmental toxins

Things like air pollution and chemicals harm babies in the womb

Adult

Prenatal developmental abnormalities can affect mental health as an ____________

Motor development

The progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities

Maturation

Development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint. Genetically programmed physical changes that come with age rather than through experience in learning

Developmental norms

The typical or median age at which most individuals display various behaviors and abilities. 

Attachment

The close emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers .

Separation anxiety

Emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they have formed an attachment

Secure attachment

When children are calm and comfortable with their mother present become upset when she leaves and are calmed upon her return. Usually forms with lots of maternal sensitivity

Anxious ambivalent attachment

When children appear anxious, even when their mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves but are not particularly comforted when she returns

Avoidant attachment

When children seek little contact with their mothers and are often not distressed when she leaves

Maternal sensitivity

How mothers are sensitive and responsive to their children's needs . This promotes secure attachments