sos

structuralism

use of introspection to break down consciousness to it’s basic elements

introspection

self report

functionalism

what the mind DOES and how behavior FUNCTIONS; why and how of consciousness

James

functionalist

Wundt

father of psychology, speed of reaction experiment

gestalt

how we organize bits of info into a whole

free will

parts of consciousness could stop thought

determinism

your acts and choices are determined

psychology

scientific study of behavior and mental processes

experiment

controlled studies where researchers manipulate one or more variables to observe effect on other variables; cause and effect

survey/inerviews

data collected by asking questions abt their thoughts, feelings, behaviors

case study

in depth examinations of a single individual group./event to explore complex or unique issues

naturalistic observation

observing and recording behaviors in natural setting w/o interference

correlational study

examination of relationship between two or more variables to see if they are associated with/o implying a cause and effect link

hypothesis

testable; the process

theory

idea

operational

how a concept/variable is measured/observed in study

variable

behaviors, events, or characteristics that change in some way

independent variable

manipulated by experimenter

dependent variable

what is measured; outcome, affected by change

cofounding variable

influence outcome, leading to inaccurate conclusions

experimental group

participants who get intervention, treatment,; IV being tested

control group

participants do NOT receive treatment/manipulation when tested

random assignment

assigning participants to different experimental groups that ensures all has equal chance at being assigned to any group

informed consent

ethical requirement; participant is aware of study’s nature, risks and benefits before agreeing

experimental bias

may lead participants to respond in a desired manner

structure of a neuron

cell body, dendrites, axon

cell body

directs synthesis of proteins for neutrons operation

dendrites

receives signals from other neurons/sensory receptors

axon

conducts electrical impulses away from soma

all or nothing law

neuron is either on/off, nerves cells either fire or won’t

action potential

fast electrical impulse, enables communication within nervous system to influence behavior and cognition

mirror neurons

neurons that fire when someone acts a certain way/when individual observers someone carry out the same behavior

central neuron system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

includes autonomic and somatic subdivisions

autonomic

control of voluntary movements and communication info (to and from same organ)

sympathetic

body prepares for action in stressful situation; fight or flight

parasympathetic

body relaxes from threat

endocrine system

regulates bodily function and maintains homeostasis (network of glands/organs)

pituitary glad

tiny endocrine gland that controls many other glands

MRI

detailed brain structure; study of the brain

fMRI

3D map of brain activity; see what parts of brain are active when doing mental tasks

EEG

records electrical activity; examine diff stages of sleep/brainwave activity

CT

shows physical structure of brain; detects structural abnormalities

TMS

magnetic pulses to stimulate specific brain areas to improve conditions of severe depression

frontal lobe

front of head; executes planning, decision making, personality, and voluntary movement

parietal lobe

middle of brain; processed sensory info: pain, touch, temp, pressure, spatial orientation

temporal lobe

side of head, processed auditory info; memory and language comprehension

occipital lobe

back of brain; processed visual information

cerebellum

coordinates voluntary muscle movement, helps maintain balanced, posture and motor learning

reticular formaiton

plays file in arousal, consciousness, and regulates sleep-wake cycles

-medulla, pons, mid brain (cerebellum)

medulla

lowermost part; responsible for breathing, heart rate, digestion

hindbrain

region of brain stem that lies below the midbrain, above spinal cord

pons

connects mid brain(cerebellum) to rest of the brain; controls sleep, facial expression, swallowing

hypothalamus

maintains body stable internal state by regulating bio needs; 4 Fs: hunger, fighting, fleeing, mating

thalamus

processing and routing most sensory info; brain central relay system

cerebral cortex (core)

memory, thinking, language, and consciousness and processing sensory info (sight/touch); “old brain”

motor area

frontal lobe; planning controlling and executing voluntary movements

sensory area

cerebral cortex; relieve and process info from 5 senses

neuroplasticy

brains ability to change though out lifespan through addiction of neurons(neurogenesis)

hemispheres

symmetrical left and right of the brain

corpus callosum

connects the left and right hemispheres for fast communication

first stage of sleep

(NREM) transition of wakefulness to sleep

second stage of sleep

deeper sleep, body continues to relax, brain activity shows sleep spindles

third stage of sleep

deep sleep(slow wave sleep); physical recovery and growth, body repairs tissues and strengthens immune system

fourth stage of sleep

(REM) dreams, brain activity resembles wakefulness and body experiences temporary paralysis of movement

fifth stage of sleep

important for cognitive functions; learning, memory, vital for mental health

what does REM mean

Rapid Eye Movement

REM

part of sleep cycle characterized by quick random movements of the eyes; associated with vivid dreaming and heightened brain activity as if awake

function of dreams?

brain growth/development, evolutionary theory, restoration for brain/body

meaning of dreams

reflections of our subconscious mind; reveals hidden emotions, desires, and unsolved feelings through symbols and narratives

hypnosis

mental state w focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and deep relaxation

meditation

mental exercise that enhances attention and awareness, promotes emotional well being and reduces stress

when one meditates they have

non judgemental awareness of the present moment

the x factor is addiction is the

want of communication by users

addictive drugs

prod. biological/psychological dependence in user

biological dependence means

user can’t function without the drug

psychological dependence means

belief that you need the drug to respond to stress

psychoactive drugs

influences persons emotions, perceptions, and behavior

stimulants

drug with arousal effect on central nervous system; causes rise in heart rate, blood and muscular tension

amphetamines

mood altering drug used as stimulant

adderall

developed for those who suffer from ADHD but is often abused

cocaine

rapidly absorbed by the body, takes effect immediately

barbiturates

prod. sense of relaxation and are prescribed by physicians; form of central nervous system depressant

rohypnol

“date rape drug”; when mixed with alcohol it can prevent resistance to assault, removal of memory

sensation

feeling of energy source and how you depict it; physical response

perception

interpretation of energy sensation; psychological response

there is no real only your real

stimulus

passing of physical energy that prod. psychological/behavioral response

psychophysics

relationship between physical stimuli and our subjective sensory experiences

absolute threshold

smallest intensity of stimulus that gets detected; light sound, touch

difference threshold

smallest lvl of added/reduced stimulation required to sense change in stigma; “just noticeable difference”

weber’s law

constant proportion of intensity of initial stimulus; “noticeable difference”

cornea

transparent layer in front of eye; rays of light travel through

iris

colored part of eye

pupil

black dot in eye; controls amount of light entering eye, light is absorbed

lens

transparent, behind iris; focuses light onto retina

retina

converts electromagnetic energy of light to electrical impulses to brain; interprets to form clear images

rods

cells sensitive to light

cones

color visions, high res and detailed vision in bright light