BCMB Exam 1 Study Guide

maximum number of electrons per shell

8

what gives elements most of fundamental charactersitics

valence shell

what is a chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

molecule

molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements

compounds

equal sharing of electron among atoms

covalent bonds

unequal sharing of electrons

polar covalent

are polar covalent bonds hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophilic

equal sharing of electrons

nonpolar

is a nonpolar bond hydrophilic or hydrophobic

hydrophobic

what is the measure of an atoms ability to attract electons in a covalent bond

electronegativity

what is one or more electrons from one atom being removed and attached to another atom

ionic bonds

are cations postive or negative

postive

are anions positve or negative

negative

what are weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms due to polarity

hydrogen bonds

what functional group has O and H attached

hydroxyl

what functional group has C O and OH attached

Carboxyl

what functional group has NH2 attached

amino

what functional group has C O O and another functional group attached

ester

what functional group has C H H and SH attached

sulfhydryl

what functional group has C O H with O having a double bond

carbonyl

what functional group has O P O OH and OH attached

phosphate

what is a CH3 functional group called

methyl

what are compounds containing carbon bonded to hydrogens

organic chemicals

how many electrons does carbon have in the outer orbital

4

what is one net water molecule being removed to combine two small molecules into one larger one

dehydration reactions

what is the breaking of a chemical bond with the additions of elements of water to the products formed

hydrolysis

what is the measure of hydrogen ions concentration in a solution

pH

what is the pH formula

pH = -log \[H+\]

what are the 4 biomolecules

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

general formula for carbs

(CH2O)n

what are the 3 most common carb configurations

monosaccharide, disaccharide, polysaccharide

what is a polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone with 3-7 carbons

monosaccharide

what is two monosaccharides

disaccharide

what are 10 or more monosaccharides

polysaccharide

what are lipids primarily composed of

carbon hydrogen bonds

are lipids polar or nonpolar

nonpolar

what are the 3 classes of lipids

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

what is another name for simple fats

triglycerides

what are triglycerides made of

glycerol and 3 fatty acids

what are fatty acids where all the carbons in a fatty acid are linked by single covalent bonds

saturated

what are fatty acids that contain one of more double bonds between carbon atoms

unsaturated

what makes up a phospholipid

glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate, and a polar head group

what does amphipathic mean

hydrophobic and hydrophilic

what are phospholipids a major component of

cellular membranes

what are four interconnected rings of carbon atoms that form the skeleton of every steriod

steriods

are steriods hydrophobic or hydrophilic

hydrophobic

what are the predominant molecules in a cell

proteins

2 types of proteins

monomers and polymers

what are monomers made up of

amino acids

what are polymers made up of

polypeptide

what are the 4 types of protein structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary

what are primary proteins held together by

peptide bonds

what are secondary proteins held together by

hydrogen bonds

what is the backbone of secondary proteins

amino acids

what are tertiary proteins made up of

r groups

what are the options of R groups to make up the tertiary protein structure

hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, covalent disulfide bond

what are quaternary proteins held together by

interactions between 2 or more tertiary proteins

2 main nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

4 bases of DNA

A T C G

what is the function of DNA

hereditary material

what are the 4 bases of RNA

AUCG

function of RNA

organize protein synthesis

what are nucleotides composed of

phosphate, pentose sugar, and nitrogenous base

how many hydrogen bonds are between A and T

2

how many hydrogen bonds are between G and C

3

what does ATP stand for

adenosine triphosphate

what is the function of ATP

transfer and store energy

where is most energy stored in ATP

between second and third phosphate

what are 4 functions of plasma membrane

regulating the passage of substances into and out of cells and between cell organelles and cytosol, detecting chemical messengers arriving on cell surface, linking adjacent cells together by membrane junctions, anchoring cells to extracellular matrix

2 lipid components

phospholipids, cholesterol,

is phospholipids polar or nonpolar

neither (amphipathic)

what part of phospolipids are nonpolar

2 fatty acids

what part of phospolipds are polar

phosphate and head group

what makes up cholestrol

4 non polar rings

what interacts strongly with phopspholipid fatty acids

cholesterol

the more saturated fatty acids means STRONGER or WEAKER hydrophobic interactions

stronger

2 protein components

integral, peripheral

where are integral proteins

embedded in bilayer

anther name for integral proteins

transmembrane

are integral or peripheral proteins amphipathic

integral

where are peripheral proteins located

membrane surface

what allows adjacent cells to physiclaly contact along part of their membranes securely

membrane junctions

what are transmembrane proteins that bind to specific proteins in the extracellular matrix

integrins

what allows a way to link membrade proteins to adjacent cells

integrins

what is a protein that extends form the cell into the extracellular space, where they can link up and bind

cadherins

what makes up desmosomes

cadherins

3 kinds of junctions

desmosomes, tight junctions, and gap junctions

what forms barriers that limit the movement of material between cells

tight junctionswhat

what are protein channels that link cytosols of adjacent cells

connexins

what do gap junctions contain

connexins

what are the primary functions of the nucleus

storage and transmisson of genetic info to next gen of cells

what is the DNA in the nucleus used to do

synthesize proteins

what is the fine network of threads in DNA called

chromatin

what protein is DNA in association with

histones

what are the tightly condensed rod like bodies of dna called

chromosomes

what is the densely staining filamentous region without a membrane prominent in the nucelus called

nucleolus w

where is the site of ribosomal subunit assebly

nucleolus

what is the site of protein assembly

ribosomes

what are the two subunits of ribosomes

small and large

two places to find ribosomes

free in cytoplasm or bound on rough ER