Section 9: Animal Nutrition

chemical energy

organic building blocks

dietary micronutrients

animal diet provides [3]

ATP, powers cellular processes

chemical energy is converted to:

the breakdown of carbohydrates

ATP comes from

1. amno acids

2. fatty acids

3. micronutrients (vitamins and minerals)

essential nutrients [3]

essential amino acids

amino acids that animals cannot synthesize. have to come from food.

8

infants ahve 9

how many essential amino acids are there for humans?

“complete”

that contains all necessary amino acids

“incomplete” (e.g., grains and beans)

that is missing necessary amino acids if eaten alone

enzymes

animals ca synthesize many fatty acids using:

linoleic acid

essential fatty acid in humans:

grains

vegetables

seeds

linoleic acid is commonly found in: [3]

signatures

fatty acids have these that get deposited in tissue based on diet

13

how many essential vitamins are there for humans?

A vitamin

a substance that makes you ill if you don’t eat it

vit D

rickets is lack of

vit C

scurvy is a lack of

1. ingestion

2. digestion

3. absorption

4. elimination

food processing involves [4]

Filter feeding

ingestion of small particles suspended in water. Water is swept over mouth parts via cilia; food partices are trapped in either mucous or baleen

substrate feeder

eating the thing you live on

caterpillars

maggots

substrate feeder examples

Fluid feeder

ingestion where organism sucks nutrient-rich fluid from a host

1. biting flies that such mammalian blood

2. aphids that tap phloem sap of plants

examples of fluid feeders [2]

bulk feeders

ingestion where organisms eat large pieces of food.

1. tentacles

2. claws

3. sharp teeth

4. jaws

5. poisonous fangs

adaptations for bulk feeding [5]

physical digestion

breakdown of food into smaller particles

chemical digestion

breakdown of food particles into smaller molecules that can be absorbed

enzymes

chemical digestion is usually via

allows animal to digest their food without digesting their own cells and tissues

digestive compartment function:

extracellular digestion

breakdown of food in a compartment outside the body

Gastrovascular cavity

simplest form of extracellular digestion:

waste goes out the same opening the food came in

describe gastrovascular cavity:

alimentary canal aka complete digestive tract

extracellular digestion where food moves in a single direction

crop

modified portion of the esophagus that stores food

peristalsis

waves of contraction and relaxation o smooth muscle tissue

sphincters

ring-like valves at key points to regulate passage of material between compartments

teeth

mechanical digestion in human digestion

salivary glands

initiates chemical digestion (mainly of starch) in human digestion

investigates whether item is food and can stimulate rejection of food

helps shape food into bolus and pushes to pharynx

tongue function

trachea (lungs(

esophagus (Stomach)

pharynx opens to ____ and _________

stomach

site of chemical digestion of proteins and food storage

2 litres

human stomach can hold what volume

Chyme

gastric juice is mixed with food to create

Pepsin

protease that breaks proteins into amino acids

2

pH of gastric juice

highly folded and pitted

the surface of the interior of the stomach:

gastric glands

pits in stomach lead to:

1. mucous

2. chief

3. parietal

three types of cells in gastric pits

release mucous ot lubricate and protect stomach lining

mucous cell function in stomach

1. secrete pensinogen, an inactive form of pepsin

Chief cell function

produces the components of hydrochloric acid

parietal cell function

Every three days

stomach epithelium renews how often?

every 20s to help mix contents and enzymes

stomach muscles contract how often

2-6 hours

how long for a meal to pass through the stomach

1. pepsinogen and HCL are introduced into the limen of the stomach

2. HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin

production of gastric juice: [2]

when bolus arrives from the oral cavity. lower esophageal sphincter opens

stomach opens when

Chyme backflows into the lower esophagus causing heart burn or acid reflux

heartburn is caused by what?

releases chyme to the small intestine, one squirt at a time

function of pyloric sphincter

6

human small intestine length

Chyme from stomach mizes with digestive juicefrom pancreas, liver, gall bladder, and gland cells from the intestine

what happens in duodenum?

absorption of water and nutrients

what happens in jejunum and ileum?

1. duodenum

2. jejunum

3. ilieum

three parts of small intestine

1. liver

2. gall bladder

3. pancreas

the small intestine’s associates: [3]

1. alkaline solution to neutralize chyme

2. enzymes to digest carbs, proteins, nucleic acids, and fats

pancreas secretes what for digestion? [2]

endocrine

the pancreas also plays a role in waht system:

used in fat and lipid digestion

bile function

gallbladder

where is bile stored and concentrated

oral cavity, salivary amylase.

carb digestion begins where?

stomach, pepsin breaks into smaller polypeptides

protein digestion begins where?

in small intestine by pancreatic enzymes; DNA broken into nucleotides

nucleic acid digestion begins where?

small intestine; pancreatic lipase breaks into fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerines

fat digestion begins where?

villi and microvilli (“brush border”)

these increase surface are in the small intestine:

300 m²

surface area of the small intestine

either active (amino acids, peptides, vitamins) or passive (fructose)

descvribe transport in the small intestine:

hepatic portal vein

carries nutrient-rich blood from the villi to the liver

filters out toxins, converts molecules as needed

liver function in digestion

1. villi of small intestine

2. capillaries

3. hepatic portal vein

4. liver

5. rest of body

from small intestine, nutrients go where? [5]

triglycerides

this nutrient takes a different path within the small intestine:

1. colon

2. cecum

3. rectum

large intestine includes [3]

triglycerides.

fat droplets are made of

the smaller droplets have increased surface area than larger globules, so triglycerides are easier exposed to hydrolysis.

explain surface area/size relationship with fat lglobules

1. fatty acids

2. monoglycerides

lipase breaks down exposed triglyerides into: [2']

enzymatic hydrolysis

process by which lipase breaks trilglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides

they diffuse into the epithelial cells of the small intestine, where they reform into triglycerides

how do monoglycerides and fatty acids absorb into small intestine? what happens then?

Chlyomicrons

triglycerides are incorporated into particles in the small intestine epithelium called

phospholipids and proteins forming a surface on the molecule, making it water soluble

the formation of chlyomicrons involves:

by exocytosis and enter lacteal where they get carried away by lymph and later into larger veins

chlyomicrons leave the epithelial cell how?

1.5m

how long is colon

reabsorb water via osmosis

main function of large intestine

6.3 L

how much water is reabsorbed daily

to ferment ingested material in some animals;

it is vestigial in humans

Cecum is used to what:

12-24 hours

waste takes how long to pass along the colon?

1. salivary glands

2. pancreas

3. liver

4. gallbladder

mammalian accessory glands include: [4]

1. longer intestinal canal

2. gut microbes

3. rumen

4. coprophagy

herbivore digestive adaptations: [4]

nervous system

physical stretching of stomach wall triggers:

Gastrin

nervous system triggers release of this hormone from stomach when stretched

gastric juices

gastrin circulates through the blood and stimulates the production of:

glucose into body cells

insulin enhances the transport of :

store glucose as glycogen

insulin stimulates the liver to:

insulin

beta cells of pancreas secrete