Lesson 5: Structure and Function of Large Biological Molecules

What is a macromolecule?

large biological molecules that are comprised of smaller subunits

Monomers

smaller subunits

Polymers

larger molecules made up of a chain of monomers

Large biological molecules

Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, Nucleic Acids

Which macromolecule is not a polymer?

Lipids

Dehydration/Condensation Reactions

linking two monomers, attach a monomer to a growing chain, water molecules is produced, new bond is formed

Hydrolysis Reactions

break polymers (break bonds)

Carbohydrates are ___

sugars

What is a monosaccharide?

sugar monomer

What is a disaccharide?

double sugar, two monosaccharides with a covalent bond

What is a polysaccharide?

many sugars

Monosaccharide structure

attached hydroxyl groups, one carbonyl group, monomers from which carbohydrates are built, 3-7 carbons

Aldose

Carbonyl group at the end of the carbon chain

Ketose

Carbonyl group in the middle of a carbon chain

Ribose is a ___ Carbon ____saccharide (____ sugar)

5,mono,aldose

Glucose&Galactose is a ___ Carbon ____saccharide (____ sugar)

6,mono,aldose

Fructose is a ___ Carbon ____saccharide (____ sugar)

6, mono, ketose

3 Common Disaccharides

1. Maltose

2. Sucrose

3. Lactose

Energy stores

Glycogen (animals) and Starch (plants)

Structural Material

Cellulose (plant cells walls), Chitin (exoskeletons)

Glycogen (animals)

highly branched polymer of glucose, in liver and skeletal muscles of humans

Starch (plants)

polymers of glucose monomers, use amylose and amylopectin

Different forms of glucose:

(alpha) and (beta)

Starch contains only …

alpha glucose monomers

Cellulose contains only….

beta glucose monomers

Alpha glucose OH- facing ___

downward

Beta glucose OH- facing ___

up and downward

2 forms of starch

1. amylose - unbranched & helical

2. amylopectin - branched & helical