ehap ids - unit 7 (3c) - 19th-century perspectives and political developments

greek independence

greek have different language/religion than ottomans —> nationalistic rebellion

shows principle of intervention works (british/french/russians support greeks), greece becomes independent

peterloo massacre

corn laws suck, increase local bread prices - citizens revolt but killed by british army

british parliament increases repression, increased frustration with tories in gov

louis xviii

bourbon monarch restored after napoleon; very moderate; kept napoleon’s law code + added bicameral legislature

sparks ultraloyalist frustration (which they get with charles x)

charles x

ultraroyalist monarch who increases the power of the aristocracy and catholic church; violates ministeral responsibility —> july ordinances + revolution

causes the revolution of 1830 - get louis-philippe instead

ultraroyalists

france; support increasing power of aristocracy and catholic church; very conservative

angered liberals, sparking revolution of 1830

klemens von metterneich

austrian statesman and conservative; implements principle of intervention to suppress revolutions in 1830 and 1848

restored bourbon in france and spain; increase of nationalism in austria due to conservative rule (hungarians)

concert of europe

5 states: austria, russia, prussia, great britain, france; goal is to keep exisiting monarchs in power as part of balance of power (conservative)

intervene in each other’s states to do so - eg. intervene in greece because ottomans not part of balance of power; spain/france restoration of bourbon monarchy

broken by crimean war (britain/france go against Russia)

frederick william iii

prussian king; liberal reforms in prussia after losing to napoleon (expansion of education, no more serfdom) but eventually becomes reactionary under metterneich

absolutist rule continues + no german unification yet

burschenschaften

german student societies that advocated for nationalism; even killed a reactionary playwright; “honor, liberty, fatherland”

one of the first german nationalist movements; led to karlsbad decrees (burschenschaften outlawed, censorship increases)

karlsbad decrees

caused by buschenschaften; censorship increases, burschenschaften banned, university control

metterneich + german confederation clearly still very conservative; suppress nationalism

december revolt

transfer of power from alexander i to nicholas i confusion —> northern union revolts (military aristocrats who know about freedom from other countries)

fails, nicholas i becomes very very reactionary (secret police established)

conservatism