Unit 4 test

What’s the main function of the integumentary system?

protection

Whats the superficial layer of the skin?

epidermis

The epidermis is___

avascular

What cells are the most abundant in the epidermis?

Keratinocytes

What protein do keratinocytes make? what is their product’s function?

They make keratin which makes the epidermis a tough protective layer

What other cells are in the epidermis?

Melanocytes, Langerhan cells, Merkel cells

What do melanocytes make? What is the function of their product?

They make melanin which is pigment, it protects the skin from UV damage

What are Langerhan cells? What is their function?

They are epidermis dentritic cells that alert and activate immune cells to a threat (bacterial/viral invasion)

What are merkel cells? What do they do?

They are sensory nerve endings that serve as touch receptors

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis? (from bottom to top)

Stratum basale, spinosum, granulosum, lucidum, corneum

What’s the acronym for the 5 layers?

Beautiful Skin Glows Like Crystals

What layer is the stratam basale/stratum germinativum? What does it do?

1st layer where stem cells grow into keratinocytes, melanocytes, and langerhan cells it is closest to the dermis

Where are nutrients most abundant in the 5 layers? (Top or Bottom)

Bottom

Which layer is the stratum spinosum? What does it do and what’s in it?

2nd layer (thickest)— many rows of dividing keratinocytes, melanin granules and langerhan’s cells are most abundant here

Which layer is the stratum granulosum? What happens here?

3rd layer— keratinocytes stop dividing, keratin and lamellar granules accumulate: Keratinization- cells harden and fill with keratin. Lamellar granules: contain water-resistant glycolipid

Which layer is the stratum lucidum? What happens here?

4th layer- only in thick skin— “clear layer” it is the flattened, dead, densley packed cells that don’t have organelles

Which layer is the stratum corneum? What happens here?

5th layer: 20-30 cells thick, dead cells completely filled with keratin for protection— layer is replaced by the division of deeper stratum basale cells— regenerates every 25-45 days

What does the dermis do/What is it?

Stretchy envelope that binds the skin— has areolar and dense irregular connective tissue that make up the papillary and reticular areas— thickness varies depending on where it is

What is the papillary layer a part of? What is it and what does it do?

Dermis; superficial dermal region— has capillary loops to bring nutirents to the epidermis, has nerve endings (meissner corpuscles) which are pain and touch receptions. Makes up the patterns of the finger prints and sweat pores

What is the reticular layer a part of? What does it do & whats in it?

Dermis; deepest skin layer, dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, deep pressure receptors (lamellar corpuscles) phagocytes

What do collagen fibers do?

Effect toughness of skin— attract and bind to water

What do elastic fibers do/ pertain to?

Elasticity; aging decreases the amount of collagen and elastic fibers decrease, subcutaneous tissue looses fat

What isn’t a layer of the skin?

Hypodermis

What layer does temperature regulation pertain to? What happens?

Dermis(supplies with blood); Warm- capillaries swell with warm blood and skin becomes reddened and warm —— Cold- blood passes the dermis capillaries so internal body temp can stay high

What is the hypodermis? What’s in it and what does it do?

subcutaneous layer, made up mostly of adipose tissue but also has areolar tissue, anchors skin to underlying tissues; shock absorber and insulator

epithelial membranes include the:

cutaneous, mucous, and the serous membranes

the mucous membrane is made of loose (areolar) connective tissue, called:

lamina propia

the lamina propia/mucous membranes line the:

hollow organs and body cavities that open to the exterior

most tissues of the mucosae in the mouth and esophagas are made of:

squamous epithelium

most tissues of the mucosae in the digestive tract are made of:

simple columnar epithelium

Why are mucous membranes called moist membranes?

They are always bathed in secretions and adapted for secretion and absorption and make lubricating mucus

What is the serous membrane made of?

Simple squamous epithelium on areolar connective tissue

Serous membranes— visceral layers line the:

ventral cavity (outer covering of the organs)

Serous layers are separated by ____, which are important to______

Serous fluid ; mobile organs

In the abdominal cavity the serousa lining is called _______.

peritoneum

For the lungs the serosa lining is called ______.

pleurae

Around the heart the serosa lining is called the ______.

pericardia

Synovial membranes are _____.

connective tissues that have no epithelial cells

What do the synovial membranes line?

fibrous capsules that surround joints and make lubricating fluid

The capillary and sweat glands are controlled by the:

nervous system

What is it called when the corneum cells are completely filled with keratin and dead?

They are cornified

What happens when melanin is concentrated in one spot?

It forms freckles or moles

What happens if the body takes in too many UV rays?

Turns leathery, depresses the immune system & skin cancer

What is formed when cell death happens because of an irregular blood supply?

ulcers

How are decubitus ulcers formed?

when bed ridden patients aren’t turned so the pressure is centralized and restricts blood flow which leads to dying of cells and degeneration and ulceration

What pigments contribute to skin color?

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

What happens when hemogloben is severely deoxygenized?

cyanosis

Other than pigment, what can affect the appearance of skin?

Emotions

What emotion or bodily issue can redness/ erythema pertain to?

Embarrassment; fever, hypertension, inflammation, or allergy

What emotion or bodily issue can pallor/ blanching pertain to?

stess (fear/anger); anemia, low blood pressure, or impaired blood flow

What bodily issue can a yellow cast pertain to?

Jaundice, liver disorder which is the accumulation of bile pigments in the blood

What bodily issue can a black/blue marks pertain to?

Bruises— blood escaping circulation and clotting in tissue spaces

What does an unusual tendency to bruise mean?

Vitamin C deficiency

What do skin appendages include?

cutaneous glands, hair, hair follicles, and nails

What are cutaneous glands? What do they do?

Exocrine glands; secrete subtances to the surface of the skin through ducts

What two types of cutaneous glands are there?

Sebaceous glands and sweat glands which lay in the dermis

What is the purpose of sebum?

Keeping the skin moisturized & killing bacteria

What happens when sebaceous glands are blocked?

Acne forms

What forms when acne is oxidized and dries?

Blackheads

What forms when acne doesn’t dry or darken?

Whiteheads

What is seborrhea known as?

Cradle cap; over production in sebaceous glands

What else are sweat glands known as?

Sudoriferous glands

what two kinds of sweat glands are there?

eccrine and apocrine

Where are eccrine glands normally? What do they do?

All over the body; secrete sweat consisted of water and salts— mtabolic waste— can promote some bacteria growth

What’s special about eccrine glands?

They have nerve endings which pertain to thermoregulation

Where are apocrine glands normally?

Axillary and genital areas

How to apocrine glads differ to eccrine glands?

They are bigger, empty onto hair follicles, substances also are made of fatty acids and proteins— odorless unless there is bacteria

How are apocrine glands triggered?

Through pain, stress, sexual arousal, puberty through androgens

What is the matrix in terms for nails and hair?

Growth zone

What is the innermost part of the hair called?

medulla

Whats the 2nd layer of the hair called?

cortex

What is the outermost layer of the hair called? What does it have the most of?

cuticle; keratin

Where does the pigment in hair come from?

Melanocytes in the hairbulb

What is the part of the hair that’s outside of the skin called?

The shaft

What determines hair type?

shape of the shaft

What shape is the shaft if hair is curly?

flat and ribbonlike

What shape is the shaft if the hair is straight?

perfectly round and coarse

What shape is the shaft if the hair is wavy?

oval

What is the inner epithelial root a part of?

Hair follicles

What does the inner epithelial root form?

hair

What does the outer fibrous sheath do? What is it?

Supplies blood vessels to the edpidermal portion; dermal connective tissue

What is the papilla a part of?

fibrous sheath

What does the papilla do?

supplies blood to the hair bulb

What does the arrector pili do?

It raises the hair and forms goosebumps when muscles contract

What is the skin that the nail is imbedded into called?

The cuticle

What grows under the nail bed? What is the thick part?

the stratam basale; nail matrix

What is the white crescent part in the nail called?

Lunule

How do the nails appear when blood is rich? What about without?

Pink;Bluish

How many kinds of burns are there?

4

What traits do 1st degree burns have?

only superficial epidermis damage— red and swollen— slight discomfort/bit of pain

What traits do 2nd degree burns have?

injury to the epidermis and superficial part of the dermis— red swollen and blistered but can regrow, painful

What traits do 3rd degree burns have?

epidermis and dermis are destroyed— can extend into subcutaneous tissue, blistering, nerve endings are destroyed so not painful

What traits do 4th degree burns have?

extend beyond subcutaneous tissues to muscle, bones, muscles, or tendons

What’re 2 life threatening problems derivred from burns?

Loss of fluids & Infection

What is the rule of nines?

Division of the body (11 areas in total) where its parts are 9% (groin is 1%) to determine how much fluid must be replased for burn victims

What conditions make burns considered critical?

over 30% of the body has 2nd degree burns/over 10% of the body has 3rd/4th degree burns/3rd/4th degree burns on the face, hands, feet, or genitals/ burns reach airways/circumferential(around the body or limb) burns have occurred

What happens if joints are burnt?

It affects joint mobility

Depending on location what can circumferential burns restrict?

Movement & Breathing

What traits does basal cell carcinoma have?

most common, least dangerous— stratum basale can’t make keratin— slow spreading— shiny dome shaped tumor