AP World Unit 3 Vocabulary

Gunpowder Empires

Empires that relied heavily on gunpowder for military expansion and consolidation, including the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires.

Guttenberg Printing Press

A mechanical device invented by Johannes Guttenberg in the 15th century; revolutioned the production of books, facilitating the knowledge and spread of ideas.

Ivan IV

Also known as Ivan the Terrible, he was the first Tsar of Russia and ruled from 1547-1584, known for this ruthless policies and the centralization of royal power.

Manchu

An ethnic group from northeastern China that established the Qing Dynasty; they were instrumental in the expansion and consolidation of the Chinese empire.

Qing Dynasty

The last imperial dynasty of China (1644-1912); known for its territorial expansion and cultural flourishing.

Kangxi

Qing emperor who ruled from 1661-1722, known for his long reign, effective governance, and patronage of the arts and sciences; Captured Taiwan, Mongolia, and Central Asia.

Emperor Qianlong

The Qing emperor who ruled from 1735-1796, known for territorial expansion, cultural achievements, and consolidating power; Annexation of Xinjiang.

Tamerlane

Timur the Lane; a Mongol-Turkic leader of the late 14th century; conquered places in Persia and India from Samarkand

Ghazi Ideal

Model for warrior life that blended the cooperative values of nomadic culture with willingness to serve as a holy fighter for Islam.

Ottoman Empire

Gunpowder Empire; largest and most-enduring empire; founded by the Osman Dynasty in the 1300s; defeated by Allies in WWI in 1918.

Mehmed II

Ruled Ottoman Empire 1451-1481; Conquered Constantinople and changed its name to Istanbul.

Suleiman I

Ottoman Empire reached its peak; Ruled 1520-1566; Captured Hungary, Rhodes, and Tripoli.

Ismail

Early Safavid military hero; conquered most of Persia and pushed into Iraq; conquered Iran and was proclaimed Shah in 1501.

Shah

King or emperor.

Safavid Empire

Gunpowder empire; No navy, lacked natural defenses, land-based military; Shi’a Islam (conflicts with Sunni Ottomans and Mughals).

Shah Abbas I

Ruled 1588-1629; Peak Safavid empire; soldiers were Christian boys.

Akbar

Babur’s (founder of Mughal empire) grandson; also ruler of Mughal empire.

Mughal Empire

Gunpowder empire in northern India; Richest and best-governed state in the world; religiously tolerant.

Jatis

Strict social groupings designed at birth in India; castes.

Tax farmers

Paid an annual sum to government then collected money or goods from residents.

Louis XIV

Ruled 1643-1715 in France; very powerful king who kept nobles close by to avoid betrayal and disloyalty.

Versailles

Louis XIV’s palace in France.

Boyars

Noble landowning class at the top of the pyramid in Kievan Russia.

Oprichnina

Paramilitary force loyal to Ivan IV.

Romanov Dynasty

Took control of Russia after Ivan’s death in 1584.

Peter I (Peter the Great)

Ruled 1628-1725 in Russia; Defeated step-sister Sophia by forcing her into a convent; defender of Orthodoxy and created provinces.

Devshirme

System of Christian boys in the Ottoman Empire who worked for the government; early form of slavery and tribute.

Jannisaries

Elite forces in Ottoman Empire; also Christian boys.

Diamyo

Landholding aristocrats in Japan.

Edo

Early Tokyo; center of power.

Period of Great Peace

Successors of Tokugawa Ieyasu ruled in this era.

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Ruled 1600-1616; declared Shogun in 1603.

Tokugawa Shogunate

Set about reorganizing the governance of Japan to create a feudal system; daimyo’s family had to stay in Tokyo if daimyo was visiting other places.

Delhi

Capital of Mughal empire.

Zamindars

Paid government officials in the Mughal empire.

Askia the Great

Came to power in 1493; ruler of Songhai; Islamic and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Taj Mahal

Built by Shah Jahan as a tomb for his wife.

Elect

Those predestined to go to heaven in Calvinism.

Puritans

Offshoot of Calvinism in England.

Protestant Reformation

Various reform efforts; religious movement that led to establishment of Protestant churches and significant changes in Christian theology and practice.

Henry VIII

Ruled 1509-1547; wanted a male heir but wife only gave birth to girls so he went to the pope to annul marriage but pope said no because he was worried of Charles V so Henry broke apart from the Catholic Church and set up his own Anglican Church.

Anne Boleyn

The woman that Henry wanted to annul his marriage for.

Anglican Church

Church of England that is free from the pope.

Holy Synod

Clergymen in the Russian empire who answered to the Tsar.

Counter-Reformation

Roman Catholic Church used this to fight against the Protestants.

Inquisition

Root out and punish nonbelievers.

Jesuits

Opposed Protestants; missionaries in Japan and India

Council of Trent

1545-1563; corrected Church’s mistakes and reaffirmed rituals.

Phillip II

Son of Charles V; got to rule Spain; Spanish Armada.

Peace of Augsburg

Each German state could choose to be either Catholic or Lutheran.

Edict of Nantes

Allowed Huguenots (Calvinism followers in France) to practice their faith.

Thirty Years’ War

1618-1648; final religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics.

Peace of Westphalia

Allowed each area in Europe of the Holy Roman Empire to choose one of three religions: Catholic, Lutheran, or Calvinism.

Shariah

Strict Islamic legal system that details aspects of life in Ottoman empire.

Sikhism

Religion.

Empiricism

Scientific method that insisted upon the collection of data to back up a hypothesis.

Justices of the Peace

Maintained peace of England and carried out Monarch’s laws.

English Bill of Rights

Assured individual’s civil liberties.

Absolute

Directed by one source of power, the king, with compete authority.

Cardinal Richlieu

Minister of Louis XIII.

Intendants

Royal officials in France who executed orders of central government.

Martin Luther

Monk who found things wrong with the Church.

Indulgences

Granted a person absolution from punishments for sins.

Simony

Selling of Church offices.

95 Theses

Luther nailed these charges to the door of the Church.

John Calvin

French theologian who broke from Catholic Church and established Calvinism; reformed religion in Geneva, Switzerland; authored “The Institutes of the Christian Religion.”