Chapter 10: Neurodevelopmental and Neurocognitive Disorders

ADD/ADHD

difficulty paying attention, controlling impulses, and organizing behaviors 

7-12

DSM-5-TR raised the age of onset for ADHD from:

ritalin

What is the most commonly used drug to treat attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? 

behavioral therapies

shown by research to be most effective in treating children with ADHD 

CBT

______ has been shown to be effective for adults 

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

impairment in two (2) fundamental behavior domains:

• Deficits in social interactions and communications 

• Deficits in restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, and activities: 

• Insistence on sameness or rigid adherence to routines 

shaken baby syndrome

when a baby is jostled, leading to intracranial injury and retinal hemorrhage

dyslexia

most common learning disorder; challenges with learning to read in grade school, poor word reading accuracy, weakness in reading comprehension 

childhood-onset fluency disorder/stuttering

problems with speaking evenly and fluently, voicing frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables 

developmental coordination disorder

motor performance that is substantially below expected levels, given the person’s chronologic age and previous opportunities for skill acquisition 

• i.e., dropping/bumping into things; marked delays in acquiring basic motor skills such as walking, crawling, sitting, catching, throwing, cutting, coloring, or printing 

major neurocognitive disorder (NCD)

characterized by decline in cognitive functioning severe enough to interfere with daily living (i.e., extremely forgetful) 

• Also called dementia 

neurocognitive disorder

Boys and young men are more likely than girls and young women to develop ________ due to traumatic brain injury (TBI) 

single closed head injuries; repeated closed head injuries

Neurocognitive disorders that follow _______ are more likely to dissipate with time than are neurocognitive disorders that follow _______

apraxia

impairment of the ability to execute common actions, like waving or washing hands 

agnosia

failure to recognize objects (i.e., tables and chairs) or people 

alzheimer’s disease

• Most common form of neurocognitive disorder 

• Onset typically occurs after age 65 

causes of alzheimer’s disease

• Deficits in several neurotransmitters 

• Acetylcholine 

African Americans; European Americans

______ are more likely than ______ to develop neurocognitive disorder with vascular disease due to higher rates of hypertension and cardiovascular disease 

delirium

disorientation, recent memory loss, and a clouding of attention/confusion 

• The longer it continues, the more likely the person is to suffer permanent brain damage 

Causes?: 

• Possibly being tackled on a football field 

• ICU psychosis