BIO252-Anatomy and Physiology 2-Exam 2 Review-Chamberlain

Layers or meninges, anatomy of the spinal cord, hard columns, neuroglial cells action, cranial nerves, 3 questions, trace out the patient, sensory deficit, which part of the precentral gyrus, ride side, functions of the hypothalamus, where Wernickes (temporal) is located and what Brocas does., division of dorsal horn-grey matter and sensory neurons, autonomic system -enteric, sympathetic, parasympathetic, 2 neurons in autonomic nervous system, the cell body is in the lateral grey horn in autonomic nervous system in the synapses in the ganglion, parasympathetic-lateral grey horn it bypasses system and goes to the terminal ganglion. Sympathetic synapses and sympathetic chamber. ACH is secreted in the sympathetic, and nurepidemical is in the parasympathetic. Know your reflex type, know where visual cortex is located, and know how many components the reflex arc is. cross sections of brain Ascending arc, 2 cranial nerve naming, cross sections, explain the stretch relflex. anterior lobe.

Olfactory

Number: 1

Type: Sensory

Function: Sense of Smell

Optic

Number: 2

Type: Sensory

Function: Vision

Oculomotor

Number: 3

Type: Motor

Function: Raise eyelids, move eyes, regulate the size of pupils, focus of lenses.

Troclear

Number: 4

Type: Motor

Function: Eye movements, proprioception

Trigeminal

Number: 5

Type: Mixed

Function: Sensations of the head and face, chewing movements, and muscle sense.

Abducens

Number: 6

Type: Motor

Function: Produce movements of the eyes

Facial

Number: 7

Type: Mixed

Function: Facial expressions, secretion of saliva, taste.

Vestiulocochlear

Number: 8

Type: Sensory

Function: Balance or equilibrium sense. Hearing.

Glossopharyngeal

Number: 9

Type: Mixed

Function: Taste and other sensations of tongue, swallowing, secretion of saliva, aid in reflex control of blood pressure and respiration.

Vagus

Number: 10

Type: Mixed

Function: Transmit impulses to muscles associated with speech, swallowing, the heart, smooth muscles of visceral organs in the thorax, and abdomen.

Accessory

Number: 11

Type: Motor

Function: Turning movements of the head, movements of the shoulder and viscera, voice production.

Hypoglossal

Number:12

Type: Motor

Function: Tongue movements

Contractability

ability of muscle tissue to shorten and contract forcefully

Excitability

ability to generate an action potential in response to a stimulus

Extensibility

ability of muscle to stretch or get longer

Eslasticity

ability to return to its original shape

4 properties of muscle tissue

contactility, excitability, extensibility, and elasticity

Schwann cells

make myelin in PNS

Satelite cells

surround and provide nutrients for neurons in PNS

Astrocytes

Provide structural and metabolic support for neuron in CNS

Oligodendrocytes

create and wrap axons in a myelin sheath in CNS

Microglia

act as the brains immune system in CNS

Ependymal

lines the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord in CNS

types of glial cells in PNS

schwann and satellite

types of cells in CNS

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal

exocrine glands

secrete chemical substances into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

endocrine cells

hormones pass directly into the bloodstream or tissues of the body for distrubution

Receptor

site of stimulus action

sensory neurons

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

Integration Center

either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within the CNS

Motor Neuron

a neuron that sends an impulse to a muscle or gland, causing a reaction

Effector

Muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting

somatic reflexes

activate skeletal muscle

Autonomic (visceral) reflexes

Reflexes that activate smooth or cardiac muscle and/or glands.

Stretch Reflex

the contraction of a muscle in response to stretch of that muscle

All stretch reflexes are:

monosynaptic and ipsilateral (motor activity in on same side of body).

frontal lobe function

important for cognitive functions and control of voluntary movement or activity

parietal lobe function

processes information about temperature, taste, touch and movement

temporal lobe function

processes memories, integrating them with sensations of taste, sound, sight and touch.

occipital lobe function

visual processing

Medulla

the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing

Cerebellum function

Balance and coordination

cerebrum function

thinking, personality, sensations, movements, memory

brain stem function

Connects the brain and spinal cord

Synergists

(helper)- Small muscle that aids prime mover

Antagonists

(against) Muscle that is opposing an action

Agonist

(leader) Primer mover. Muscle that is causing an action

dura mater

-outermost layer

-made of tough, white, fiborous connective tissue

-contains many blood vessels

-attaches to inside of cranial cavity

arachnoid mater

-middle layer

-thin, web-like membrane

-lacks blood vessels

-between dura and pia

*subarachnoid space: between arachnoid and pia, contains cerebrospinal fluid

pia mater

-innermost layer

-thin, contains blood vessels

-attached to surface of brain and spinal cord

-nourishes brain cells & protects

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech.

Wernickes area

it is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord

subarachnoid space

the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater.

CSF production

Produced by choroid plexus lining the ventricles

Diencephalon

Contains thalamus and hypothalamus

What act as levers in the body?

bones

What act as pivots in the body?

joints

What provides the effort to move loads?

muscles

Give an example of a class 1 lever

Nodding your head

The pivot lies between the effort and the load (see-saw)

Give an example of a class 2 lever

Stand on the tip of your toes

Load is between the pivot and the effort

(wheel barrow)

Mechanical advantage because the effort is less than the load.

Give an example of a class 3 lever

Bend your arm

Load is further away from the pivot than the effort

Hypothalamus

found inferior to the thalamus, has 4 major regions, controls many body activities and is one of

the major regulators of homeostasis.

Thalamus

located superior to the midbrain & contains nuclei that serves as relay station for all sensory

impulses (EXCEPT SMELL) to the cerebral cortex. Plays role in maintenance of consciousness

Epithalamus

lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the pineal gland. The pineal gland

secretes melatonin (what helps us sleep) and habenular nuclei which are involved in olfaction

How do the hypothalamus and pituitary gland work together?

the hormones of the pituitary help regulate functions of other endocrine glands. the hypothalamus sends signals to the pituitary to release or inhibit pituitary hormones.

Skeletal Muscle Cells

-Longest type of muscle cell

-Length is greater than width

-Look like "fibers" in a microscope (muscle cells/muscle fibers)

-Multinucleated (more than one nucleus)

What is the Fascia?

the membrane around entire muscle tissue

What is a Fascicle?

a bundle of muscle fibers

What is the Sarcolemma?

the membrane around one muscle fiber

What is a Myofibril?

Many of these units make up a single muscle fiber. These are made up of sarcomeres.

Skeletal Muscle Cells consist of two muscle proteins

Myosin (A bands): Thick and dark protein

Actin (I bands): Thin and light (color) protein

electrical excitability

the ability to respond to a stimulus and convert it into an action potential

Fixator

stabilizes the origin of a prime mover

Action Potential (AP)

allow communication over short and long distances

graded potential GP

allow communication over short distances only

blood flow to the brain

via the vertebral and carotid arteries and flows back to the heart via the jugular veins

pons

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

adrenal glands

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress.

lacrimal gland

produces tears

Pancreas

insulin and glucagon

posterior pituitary

ADH and oxytocin

pineal gland

secretes melatonin

sweat glands

The glands that secrete sweat, located in the dermal layer of the skin.

Sensation

the conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

Perception

the conscious interpretation of sensations performed by the cerebral cortex

sensations are called

sensory modality (touch, pain, vision & hearing)

somatic senses

touch, pressure, temperature, pain

special senses

vision, hearing, taste, smell, equilibrium

Exteroreceptors

hearing, vision, smell, taste, pressure, vibration, & pain

Interoreceptors

monitor the body's INTERNAL environment

Propioreceptors

provide information about body position, muscle length, and tension & position and movements of joints.

Tactile sensations

touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle

first order neuron

impulses from somatic receptors to the brain stem or spinal cord

second order neurons

impulses from the brain stem and spinal cord to the thalamus

third order neurons

impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the same side

Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway

impulses from the limbs, trunk, neck, & posterior head

Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

impulses for pain, temperature, itch, tickle, & posterior head

Trigeminothalamic pathway

impulses from MOST somatic sensations- tactile, thermal & pain- from face, nasal cavity, oral cavity & teeth

Anterior & posterior spinocerebellar pathway

convey nerve impulses from proprioceptors in trunk, and lower limb of ONE side of body and to same side of cerebellum