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Granite
F,I,M,UM: Felsic
Texture: coarse-grained
Mineral composition: quartz, orthoclase feldspar, biotite, hornblende
Other properties: combinations of pink, black, white; large crystals
Inferred rock origin: Intrusive; single cooling; pyroclastic deposit. The coarse-grained version of rhyolite.
Rhyolite
F,I,M,UM: Felsic
Texture: fine-grained or porphyritic
Mineral composition: lava rock of orthoclase feldspar and quartz
Other properties: pink to gray color; crystals may be all the same size (small) or a combination of large and small
Inferred rock origin: Extrusive; nonviolent volcanic eruption. The fine-grained version of granite.
Diorite
F,I,M,UM: Intermediate
Texture: coarse-grained
Mineral composition: sodic plagioclase, hornblende, biotite, or pyroxene
Other properties: similar in appearance to granite - black and white combinations
Inferred rock origin: intrusive. The coarse-grained version of andesite.
Andesite
F,I,M,UM: Intermediate
Texture: Porphyritic
Mineral composition: andesine and one or more mafic constituents
Other properties: large and small crystals. Color can be gray with white to light gray phenocrysts.
Inferred rock origin: Extrusive; violent volcanic eruption. The fine-grained version (?) of diorite.
Gabbro
F,I,M,UM: Mafic
Texture: coarse-grained
Mineral composition: feldspar and pyroxene
Other properties: dark colored typically. Larger crystals than basalt.
Inferred rock origin: Intrusive. The coarse-grained version of basalt.
Basalt
F,I,M,UM: Mafic
Texture: fine-grained
Mineral composition: plagioclase feldspar, augite, olivine
Other properties: dark appearance. Small crystals.
Inferred rock origin: Extrusive. Very violent volcanic eruption. The fine-grained version of gabbro.
Peridotite
F,I,M,UM: Ultra-mafic
Texture: Coarse-grained
Mineral composition: olivine, pyroxene
Other properties: dark green to black color.
Inferred rock origin: Intrusive. The coarse-grained version of komatiite.
Dunite
F,I,M,UM: Ultra-mafic
Texture: fine-grained
Mineral composition: pyroxene, plagioclase, olivine
Other properties: yellow/green color due to olivine content
Inferred rock origin: intrusive. Essentially it's peridotite but it consists of a lot of olivine.
Tuff
F,I,M,UM: Felsic
Texture: coarse-grained
Mineral composition: pyroclastic rocks
Other properties: Consists of large rocks and small rocks. It has a white/gray/black color.
Inferred rock origin: Intrusive
Obsidian
F,I,M,UM: Felsic/Intermediate
Texture: glassy/no grains/fine-grained
Mineral composition: silicon dioxide
Other properties: extremely smooth texture, typically black color, and glassy appearance
Inferred rock origin: extrusive lava flow
Pumice
F,I,M,UM: Felsic
Texture: Vesicular
Mineral composition: silica content, iron, magnesium
Other properties: extremely lightweight; long (horizontal) holes in the rock
Inferred rock origin: extrusive lava flow; usually a rhyolitic explosion
Scoria
F,I,M,UM: Mafic
Texture: Vesicular
Mineral composition: basalt
Other properties: Has many holes in it; lightweight; reddish color
Inferred rock origin: extrusive lava flow; a basaltic (very explosive) volcanic explosion
Syenite
F,I,M,UM: Intermediate
Texture: Coarse-grained
Mineral composition: alkalic feldspar, hornblende/biotite
Other properties: different-colored rock combinations. May be pink, white, black, gray
Inferred rock origin: Intrusive
Which rocks have glassy textures?
Obsidian
Which rocks have fine-grained textures?
Basalt, dunite
Which rocks have coarse-grained textures?
Tuff, granite, gabbro, syenite, diorite
Which rocks have porphyritic textures?
Andesite
Which rocks have vesicular textures?
Scoria, pumice
Which rocks have pyroclastic textures?
Rhyolite, tuff
Are rocks likely to be darker or lighter than those at the bottom of Bowen's Reaction Series?
Darker on top
Would you expect to find olivine and quartz in the same rock?
No, because quartz and olivine form at very different temperatures
Which kind of rock is likely to form at a divergent boundary?
Basalt
Which kinds of rock are likely to form at a convergent boundary?
Rhyolite/granite, andesite/diorite
Note
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