C1 and C2 Chem

Chemistry

Chemistry

The scientific study of matter, its properties, and the changes it undergoes, which took its present form in the 18th century.

Lavoisier, Proust, Dalton

Who discovered Chemistry?

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to scientific inquiry involving observation, questioning, hypothesis formation, prediction, experimentation, analysis, and conclusion.

Observation

The initial step in the scientific method where a scientist notices something and wonders about it.

Hypothesis

An educated guess made by a scientist to answer a question, which should be testable and based on existing knowledge.

Prediction

A forecast made by a scientist based on the hypothesis about what will happen in an experiment.

Experimentation

The process of testing a prediction through controlled experiments, changing only one variable at a time.

Analysis

The evaluation of experimental results to determine if they support the hypothesis.

Conclusion

The final judgment made by a scientist based on the analysis of experimental results, which may lead to revising the hypothesis.

Theory

A well-substantiated explanation of a natural phenomenon based on a body of evidence and rigorous testing, more comprehensive than a hypothesis.

Measurement

The process of assigning numbers or labels to quantities or attributes, crucial for quantifying and comparing physical quantities.

Data

raw information that can be quantitative or qualitative, collected from experiments and observations

Control

a group on Individual used as a standard of comparison for checking the results of a survey we experiment

Replication

The action or process of reproducing or duplicating.

Empirical Evidence

information obtained through observation and documentation of certain behaviors and patterns or through an experiment.

Inductive Reasoning:

a method of drawing conclusions by going from the specific to the general.

Qualitative Data

data representing information and concepts that are not represented by numbers

Atomic nucleus

Small, dense region consisting of protons and neutrons at the center of an atom

isotopes

: atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but a different number of nuetrons.

Average atomic mass

the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occurring sample of the element

Element:

A part or aspect of something abstracts. Part of a whole a substance that cannot be broken down

Neutron

A sub-atomic particle of about the same mass as a proton but without an electric change, present in all atomic nuclei except those of ordinary hydrogen

Abundance (weighted average)

when each isotope atomic weight is multiplied by its percent abundance then each result is added

Electron Cloud

Represents the area around an atom's nucleus where electrons are most likely to be found.

Energy Level

the orbit of one or more electrons around an atom's nucleus (Level it’s on)

Mechanics

The branch of applied mathematics dealing with motion and forces producing motion.

Nuclear bright line

class of spectra referred to as an emission spectrum.

Length (unit and abbreviation)

meter, m

Mass (unit and abbreviation)

kilogram, kg

time (unit and abbreviation)

seconds, s

Amount (unit and abbreviation)

mole, mol

Temperature (unit and abbreviation)

Kelvin; K

Electric Current (unit and abbreviation)

Ampere, amp

Luminous Intensity (unit and abbreviation)

candella, cd

Symbol for Gold

Au

Symbol for cobalt

Co

Symbol for iron

Fe

Symbol for cadmium

Cd