AUBF semen analysis

Semen

thick, viscous fluid secreted by male and their ejaculation during the height of sexual intercourse.

Purpose of seminalysis

1. To investigate the causes of infertility in marriage ( chief point to observe are the number and the motility of the spermatozoa )
2. The check the effectiveness of the vasectomy
3. To determine if a male can be a father
4. Support or disapprove denial paternity
5. For medico legal

TESTES sperm vol.

5%

Testes contains the:

Seminiferous tubules

Seminiferous tubules of testes

site of spermatogenesis (sperm production)

Sertoli cells

provide support and nutrients for the germ cells as they undergo mitosis and meiosis (spermatogenesis).

Epididymis

When spermatogenesis is complete, the immature sperm (nonmotile) enter the_____

Where does sperm maturation take place?

epididymis

epididymis

They remain stored (Storage) in the______ until ejaculation.

DUCTUS DEFERENS (Vas Deferens)

Propel sperm to ejaculatory ducts.

SEMINAL VESICLES

Entire volume: 60%-70%
Produce the majority of the fluid present in the semen
Provide nutrients for sperm an fluid

fructose

Spermatozoa metabolize the______for the energy needed for the flagella to propel themselves into the female reproductive tract

PROSTATE GLAND

20%-30%
Provides enzymes and proteins for coagulation and liquefaction
Located below the bladder, surrounds the upper urethra

Contractions

Prostate glands the sperm through the urethra by ___ during ejaculation

bulbourethral glands (Cowper's glands)

5%
Located below the prostate

Alkaline mucus

What is adde to neutralize prostatic acid and vaginal acidity?

Fluids form SEMINAL VESICLES

1. Fructose
2. Citric acid
3. Potassium
4. Ascorbic acid
5. Phosphorylchloline
6. Ergothionine

Fluids from PROSTATE GLANDS

1. Citric acid
2. Acid phosphatase
3. Proteolytic enzymes

Proteolytic enzyme

An enzymes chiefly responsible for the coagulation & liquefaction of semen

2 to 3 days not longer than 5 days

Specimens are collected following a period of sexual abstinence
from

higher volumes and decreased motility

Specimens collected following prolonged abstinence tend to have

2 or 3

When performing fertility testing,______ samples are usually tested
at 2-week intervals, w/ 2 abnormal samples considered insignificant

warm sterile glass or plastic containers

The laboratory should provide:

the time of specimen collection And specimen receipt.

Laboratory personnel must record______ and______

masturbation.

Specimens should be collected by

non-lubricant-containing rubber or polyurethane condoms

If masturbation is not possible, only _____ and ____ should be used

True

Ordinary condoms are not acceptable because they have spermicidal properties

START OF SEMINALYSIS

If Liquefaction occur

True

Specimen discarded as BIOHAZARDOUS WASTE

Room temp; 1 hr

The specimen is collected in a room provided by the lab. However, if
this is not appropriate, the specimen should be kept at _______
and delivered to the laboratory within _____ of collection.

37 C.

Specimens awaiting analysis should be kept at

SEMINAL BANKS

Preserved in FROZEN state
Stored for 1 year
85 C below zero

Methods of collection

1. Self-production or masturbation
2. Condom Collection
3. Interrupted coitus or coitus interruptus
4. Aspiration from vaginal Vault

Self-production or Masturbation

Best method of collection because there is no use of any lubricant which may cause contamination and of course the entire volume can be collected.

Condom Collection

mount is reduced and contaminated

Rubber tubing is used for prophylactic purposes.

If to be used for collection, it should be washed first and
dried before using. This is to eliminate the spermicidal and
bactericidal powder/substances in the condom

Interrupted Coitus or Coitus Interruptus

Interrupt sexual contact
Reduced amount with contamination

Aspiration from Vaginal Vault

Erroneous

Consists of both MACROSCOPIC & MICROSCOPIC
examination.

SEMEN ANALYSIS

SEMEN ANALYSIS PARAMETERS

1) Appearance
2) Volume
3) Viscosity
4) pH
5) Sperm Concentration and Count
6) Motility
7) Morphology

SEMEN COLOR

Gray-white / Pearly white & app. Translucent

flavour content

Slightly yellow tinge

Red coloration

presence of red blood cells (RBCs) in sperm.

Yellow coloration

caused by urine contamination, prolonged abstinence, and medications.

Musty odor

Odor

Increase turbidity

presence of WBCs and infection within the reproductive tract.

Spermatids

immature sperm

leukocyte esterase reagent strip test

may be useful to screen for the presence of WBCs.

Urine

toxic to sperm, thereby affecting the evaluation of motility.

clotted

A fresh semen specimen is

30 to 60 minutes

Should liquefy within _______after collection

liquefaction

Analysis of the specimen cannot begin until after_____ has
occurred.

a- chymotrypsin

If after 2 hrs the spx has not liquefied, proteolytic enzyme (________) may be added to allow the rest of the analysis to be performed

True

Failure of liquefaction to occur may be caused by a deficiency in prostatic enzymes and should be reported.

Semen volume

2 -5 mL

0.1 mL

Semen can be measured by pouring the specimen into a _______calibrated in ____ increments.

Increased volume

- extended abstinence.

Decreased volume

- associated with infertility and may indicate improper functioning of one of the semen-producing organs, primarily the seminal vesicles.

1. Psychological
2. Physiological

Volume is affected by:

Psychological

attraction, response of women.

Physiological

abnormalities in genitalia.

Specimen viscosity

Refers to the consistency of the fluid and may be related to spx liquefaction

Incompletely liquefied specimens

clumped & highly viscous.

clumped or stringy

The normal semen specimen should be easily drawn into a pipette and form droplets that do not appear _______ when discharged from the pipette

thin thread

Normal droplets form a_____ when released from the pipette.

Highly viscous

Droplets with threads longer that 2 cm

0

watery

4

Gel-like

Low, Normal , High

Viscosity can be reported as:

Affect sperm motility

Increased viscosity and incomplete liquefaction.

PH of semen

alkaline, range of 7.2 to 8.0.

Increased pH

infection within the reproductive tract.

Decreased pH

associated with increase prostatic fluid

SPERM CONCENTRATION NORMAL

Normal: > 20 million/Ml

SPERM CONCENTRATION BORDERLINE

bet. 10 and 20 million per milliliter

SPERM CONCENTRATION PERFORMED USING

Neubauer counting chamber.

SPERM COUNT

> 40 million/ejaculate

multiplying the sperm concentration by the specimen volume.

The total sperm count for the ejaculate can be calculated by

1:20

The most commonly used dilution is____ prepared using a
mechanical (positive-displacement) pipette.

Na Bicarbonate & formalin

Saline & distilled water

The Traditional diluting method contains______and___
_____, which immobilize and preserve the cells

however, good
results can also be achieved using ____

center squares

Using the Neubauer Hemocytometer sperm are usually counted in the___ and _____of the large center square-
similar to a manual RBC count.

10%.

oth sides of the hemocytometer are loaded and counted, and the
counts should agree within___ An average of the two counts is used in the calculation. If the counts do not agree, both the dilution
and the counts are repeated.

Counts are performed using either

phase or bright-field microscopy.

Immature and WBCs

Referred to as "round cells"

Fully developed Sperms

Should only be counted

> 1 million WBC/ mL

Ass. With inflammation or infection of the reproductive organs that can lead to infertility.

> 1 Million spermatids/ mL

indicates disruption of spermatogenesis.

disruption of spermatogenesis.

This may be caused by: Viral infections, Exposure to toxic chemicals, Genetic disorders.

true

Calculation of sperm concentration is dependent on the dilution used and the size and number of squares counted

SPERM MOTILITY ( Normal )

minimum motility of 50% with a rating of 2.0 after 1hr.

no movement.

Grading can be done using a scale of 0 to 4, with 4 indicating____ and 0 indicating____

Computer-Assisted Semen Analysis (CASA)

- Provides objective determination of both sperm velocity and
trajectory (direction of motion).

- Specialize in andrology and perform a high volume of semen analysis.

Blooms method

a) Place a drop of semen on a clean slide
b) Add 2 drops of 5% eosin (twice the amount of semen)
c) Add 4 drops of nitrogen and mix
d) Make a thin even smear and fix with heat
e) Examine under a microscope
f) COLORLESS Motile
g) RED w/ BLACK BACKGROUND - Non-motile

RED w/ BLACK BACKGROUND

Non-motile

Motile

COLORLESS

HANGING DROP

no stain (actual na gumagalaw)

4. 0 - a

Rapid, straight-line motility

3.0 - b

Slower speed, some lateral movement

2. 0 - b

Slow forward progression, noticeable lateral movement

1.0 - c

No forward progression

0 - d

No movement