hair skin and nail disorders

pruritus

itch

cyanosis

bluish discoloration of the skin, indicates circulation/respiration issues

jaundice

yellowing of the skin, buildup of bilirubin

erythema

redness of the skin

excoriation

scratched skin

alopecia

hair loss

uticaria

hives

nevi

moles

how does skin regulate temp

sweating and shivering

how does skin have barrier protection

keeps microbes out, waterproof

how does skin aid in excretion and absorption

sweat, anything on your skin absorbs into bloodstream

how does skin provide immunity

physically keeps shit out

how does skin do vitamin D production

UV light activates vitamin D production in skin

integumentary diagnostic tools (4)

skin scraping, patch testing, biopsy, woods UV light (fungal infections)

macule

flat, altered pigmentation

patch

bigger macule

papule

<0.5 cm, well defined circle, red in middle, solid, raised

plaque

2 cm, big and chunky (psoriasis)

nodule

a small hard lump

vesicle

blister <0.5 cm (chickenpox, shingles, herpes)

bulla

blister >0.5 cm

wheal

pink, itchy, elevated apples, rounded, splotchy (hives)

pustule

papule with pus

cyst

sac containing fluid

erosion

loss of skin tissue, usually epidermis

ulcer

deep loss of tissue, damages dermis

scar

permanent fibrotic skin after healing

fissure

linear crack in skin extending into dermis

vitiligo

melanocytes destroyed in patches, not really any treatment except for some bad meds

albinism

genetic, lack of pigment, causes photosensitivity, no cure

melasma

dark macula on face (cheeks and forehead), related to pregnancy and sun damage, doesn't go away like a tan

MRSA risk factors

recent hospitalization, having invasive medical device, contact sports, sharing personal items

MRSA cellulitis

deep infection, can reach bone & spread, red swollen and painful, warm to the touch, full of pus and drainage

MRSA diagnostic

future to identify pathogen

MRSA treatment

antibiotics, ointments, good wound care, patient teaching

stage 1 pressure injury

skin intact, redness and tender to touch

stage 2 pressure injury

opening through epidermis, partial loss fo dermis, red & purple, infection possible

stage 3 pressure injury

full loss of dermis, reaching subcutaneous tissue, infection likely

stage 4 pressure injury

down to bone or tendon, nerve damage

which stage of pressure injury hurts the most

stage 2

which stage of pressure injury hurts the least

stage 4

unstageable pressure injury

dead/necrotic tissue covering injury, needs to be cleaned in OR before staged

extrinsic risk factors for pressure injury

friction, impact injury, heat, moisture, posture

intrinsic risk factors for pressure injury

immobility, sensory loss, age, disease, body type, poor nutrition, infection

treatment of pressure injuries

prevention, wound care, medications, surgery, wound vacuum therapy, hyperbaric chamber (high pressure)

petechiae

tiny dots in mouth and chest, tiny hemorrhages/bleeds

ecchymosis

large flat area of blood escaping to surface (bruise)

hematoma

localized bleeding under skin, pools, forms bubble

cherry angioma

benign, slightly raised, smooth red spots, on old people, part of angiogenesis

spider angioma

"body" in middle (central red dot), vein dilation, caused by hormone changes, age, and liver diseases

telangiectasis

distended or dialated blood vessels, caused by age, temp, sun exposure

psoriasis

chronic thickening of epidermis, autoimmune response, thickened plaques

auspitz sign

bleeding/spots under psoriasis plaques

psoriasis treatment

emollients to soften and hydrate area, topical agents, steroid meds, immunosuppressants

atopic dermatitis

eczema, causes dry, lichenified (leathery) lesions hypo or hyperpigmentation

atopic dermatitis treatment

allergen control, steroid creams, immune modulating meds

ABCDE for skin cancer

asymmetry, border, color, diameter (6 mm), evolving

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)

most common skin cancer, in epidermis (less invasive), slow growing, often on face, nose, head, neck

BCC treatment

surgery, prob not chemo

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)

upper portion of dermis, on sun exposed areas, red, scaly, patch-like wart-like, may crust over, bleeds occasionally

melanoma

malignant degeneration of melanocytes, most lethal skin cancer, usually arise from an existing nevus

what makes melanoma so dangerous

spreads vertically through dermis, reaches bloodstream, can spread to brain, bones, liver

melanoma treatment

surgery, regional lymphadenectomy, chemo, radiation

paronychia

infection around the nail, bacterial or fungal, goes away with time

onychomycosis

fungal infection of nail, causes discoloration, hard to treat