Nutrition exam 2 flashcard

GI tract

Mouth

esophagus

stomach

small intestine

• Duodenum

• Jejunum

• Ileum

large intestine

• Cecum

• Colon

• Rectum

• Appendix

anus

Function of saliva

Moisten food 

Amylase in saliva → breaks down starch (chemical digestion)

Function of teeth & tongue

Teeth: mechanical digestion 

Formation & movement of bolus 

Tongue: pharyngeal phase of swallowing

Three phases of swallowing

Oral Phase: chewing/bolus 

Pharyngeal phase: Bolus moved to back of mouth, nasopharynx closes 

Esophageal phase: Peristalsis moves bolus through the esophagus 

Function of stomach

Holding food for partial digestion 

Producing gastric juices 

Providing muscular action that, combined with gastric juice, mixes and tears food into smaller pieces (mechanical digestion) 

Secreting the intrinsic factor/ Vitamin B12 absorption 

Releasing Gastrin  

Assisting in the destruction, through its acidity of secretions, of pathogenic bacteria that may have inadvertently been consumed 

Duodenum (part of small intestine)

Mixed with enzymes from pancreas & bile from the gallbladder → break down food; absorption of water, iron, & some minerals  

Jejunum

Inside walls absorb the food’s nutrients 

Ileum

Absorbs bile acids → liver → made more bile → stored in the gallbladder for future use  

Function of stomach

Final absorption of water & minerals

3 phases of gastric secretion

Cephalic (psychic phase): Gastrin stimulated 

Gastric: Gastrin increases the release of gastric juices when food is present 

Intestinal: Chyme (semi-liquid) formation 

Aid Digestion 

• Hydrochloric Acid (HCL) 

• Pepsin 

• Intrinsic factor 

• Gastrin 

Passive diffuse

Substances move from areas of high concentration to lower concentration (without ATP energy require)

Active transport

Substances move from lower concentration to higher concentration (Energy dependent active transport)

Catabolism

Break down (gluconeogenesis & glycogenolysis)

Anabolism

Building (lipogenesis)

Peristalsis

Contraction of muscle in the intestine & esophagus to push contents thru GI tract

Mechanical digestion

mouth and stomach

Chemical digestion

mouth, stomach, and small intestine

Population that are at greatest risk of vitamin deficiency

pregnant women

Older adults

Chronic alcohol and drug abuse

Poverty

Primary deficiency

Vitamin is not consumed in sufficient amounts to meet physiological needs

Secondary deficiency

Absorption is impaired or excess excretion occurs, limit bioavailability

strategies for assuring adequate vitamin intake

fresh fruits & vegetables

water soluble vitamins

vitamin c, choline, B complex (thiamin, riboflavin, niacin, folate, pyridoxine (b6), Vitamin b12, pantothenic acid, biotin) 

Fat soluble vitamins

Vitamin A, D, E, K 

Thiamin

water-soluble, Vitamin B1

Function of thiamin

Coenzyme, nerve and muscle functions

Deficiency symptoms of thiamin

Beriberi, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, ataxia

Toxicity symptoms of Thiamin

Excess is excreted in urine

Food sources of thiamin

Lean pork, whole or enriched grains and flours, legumes, seeds, nuts

Riboflavin

water-soluble, vitamin B2

Function of Riboflavin

Coenzyme, releases energy from nutrients

Deficiency symptoms of Riboflavin

Ariboflavinosis, Cheilosis, Glossitis

Toxicity symptoms of riboflavin

None reported

Food sources of Riboflavin

Milk/ dairy products: meat, fish, poultry, eggs

Dark leafy greens

whole and enriched breads and cereals

Niacin

Water-soluble, B3

Function of Niacin

Coenzyme, used in glycolysis and the TCA cycle

Deficiency symptoms of Niacin

Pellagra, dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea

Toxicity symptoms of Niacin

Flushing

lowers LDL and increases HDL cholesterol

vasodilation

liver damage

gout

arthritic reactoins

Food sources of Niacin

Meats, poultry, fish, legumes, enriched cereals, milk, coffee, tea

Pyridoxine

water-soluble, vitamin B6

Function of Pyridoxine

Coenzyme in metabolizing amino acids and proteins

Deficiency symptoms for pyridoxine

dermatitis

altered nerve function

weakness

poor growth

convulsions

microcytic anemia

Toxicity symptoms of pyridoxine

Relieves premenstrual syndrome

Food sources of pyridoxine

Whole grains and cereals

legumes

chicken

fish

pork

eggs

Folate

Water-soluble, vitamin B9

Function of folate

Coenzymes, transfers one-carbon units during metabolism, forming fetal neural tubes

Deficiency symptoms of folate

Megaloblastic anemia

Toxicity symptoms of folate

Pernicious anemia

Food sources of Folate

Leafy green vegetables

legumes at cereals

some fruits and juices

Cobalamin

water-soluble, vitamin B12

Biotin

water-soluble, vitamin B7

Function of cobalamin

coenzyme, metabolizes folate

Deficiency symptoms of cobalamin

None

Toxicity symptoms of cobalamin

Pernicious anemia, CNS (central nervous system disease)

Food sources of cobalamin

animal sources

Function of biotin

Metabolism of carbohydrate, fat, and protein

deficiency symptoms of biotin

Produced by avidin and long-term antibiotics

Toxicity symptoms of biotin

None

Food sources of biotin

liver

kidney

peanut butter

egg yolks

intestinal synthesis

Pantothenic Acid

water-soluble, vitamin B5

function of pantothenic acid

part of coenzyme A

Deficiency symptoms of pantothenic acid

not possible

Toxicity symptoms of pantothenic acid

None

Food sources of pantothenic acid

widespread in foods

Choline

water-soluble

Function of choline

synthesis of acetylcholine and lecithin

Deficiency symptoms of choline

rare

Toxicity symptoms of choline

body odor

liver damage

hypotension

Food sources of choline

widespread (milk, eggs, peanuts)

Vitamin C

water-soluble, ascorbic acid

Function of Vitamin C

Antioxidant, coenzyme, collagen formation, wound healing, iron absorption, hormone synthesis

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin C

scurvy

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin C

cramps

Nausea

kidney stone formation

Gout (1-15g)

rebound scurvy

Food sources of vitamin C

fruits and vegetables

Vitamin A

Fat-soluble

Function of vitamin A

maintains epithelial tissues, rhodopsin formation for vision, bone growth, reproduction

Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin A

xeropthalmia

Night blindness

Keratomalacia

Degeneration of epithelial tissue

inhibited growth

Toxicity symptoms of Vitamin A

hypervitaminosis A with blistered skin, weakness, anorexia, vomiting, enlarged spleen and liver

Food sources of Vitamin A

Deep green, yellow, and orange fruits and vegetables

animal fat sources

Vitamin D

Fat-soluble

Function of Vitamin D

Calcium and phosphorus absorption; bone mineralization

Deficiency symptoms of vitamin D

Bone malformation

Rickets

Osteomalacia

Toxicity symptoms of Vitamin D

hypercalcemia

hypercalciuria

Food sources of Vitamin D

animal (fat) sources:

butter

egg yolks

fatty fish

liver

fortified milk

Vitamin E

Fat-soluble, alpha-tocopherol

Function of vitamin E

antioxidant for polyunsaturated fatty acid and vitamin A; antioxidant with selenium and ascorbic acid

Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin E

Primary deficiency rare

Secondary deficiency: caused by fat absorption

neurologic disorders

Toxicity symptoms for vitamin E

None (supplements contraindicated with anticoagulation drugs)

Food sources of Vitamin E

vegetable oil

whole grains

seeds

nuts

green leafy vegetables

Vitamin K

Fat-soluble

Function of vitamin K

Cofactor in the synthesis of blood clotting factors; protein formation

Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin K

Blood coagulation inhibited

hemorrhagic disease (infants)

Toxicity symptoms of vitamin K

Therapeutic vitamin K (menadione form) reactions in neonates, causing hemolytic anemia & hyperbilirubinemia

Food sources of vitamin K

Green leafy vegetables

intestinal synthesis

Adequate intake of daily fluids for adults

men: 13 cups

women: 9 cups

Percentage of the body weight that is water

Newborn infant: 75%-80%

Adult male: 55%-60%

Adult female: 50%-55%

Symptoms of dehydration/ fluid volume deficit

Infrequent urination

Decreased skin elasticity

Dry mucous membranes

Dry mouth

Unusual drowsiness

Lighten headedness

Disorientation

Extreme thirst

Nausea

Sudden weight loss

slow/ rapid breathing

Hard water

Contains high amounts of minerals (mineral deposits may damage appliances & machinery)

Soft water

Replace some minerals in hard water with sodium (A problem for sodium-sensitive individuals)

Intracellular (within cell) 65% of body water

enzymes

hemoglobin

magnesium

minerals

phosphorus

potassium

proteins

Interstitial fluids

Between cells