Physical Science (Apologia) Module 11

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879)

founder of modern physics, who used mathematics to prove that electricity and magnetism are governed by the same force

Michael Faraday (1791-1867)

inventor of both the electrical generator and the electrical transformer

Charles-Augustin de Coulomb (1736-1806)

discovered that electric forces obey a law similar to Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

Heinrich Rudolph Hertz (1857-1894)

conducted experiments that became the guiding force of electromagnetic studies (+ confirmed Maxwell's Equations)

3 principles that govern electromagnetic forces

1. electric charges attract or repel one another

2. the force between 2 charged objects is directly proportional to the amount of charge on each

3. the force between 2 charged objects is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them

photon

small "package" of light energy that acts like a particle

electric field of a charge

the effect it has on other charges in the space around it

Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

proposed the concept that current flows from the positive side to the negative side

electrical current

amount of charge that travels past a fixed point in an electric circuit each second

amperes

usually used to measure electrical current

2 values needed to know how much work an electrical circuit can do

amps (current) and volts

circuits are ______ dangerous

always (no matter amps or volts)

first rule of electrical charge

that UNLIKE forces ATTRACT, and LIKE forces REPEL

static electricity

buildup of electrical charges within or on the surface of a material

friction

charging an object by rubbing two items together

charging by induction

charging an object WITHOUT direct contact between the object and the charge

charging by conduction

charging an object by direct contact with a charged object

series circuit

need all devices to be functional, or the circuit will fail

parallel circuit

the circuit won't fail if one of their devices isn't functional

magnetic domain

cluster of many atoms that have their magnetic fields aligned and so act as a magnet

magnetic field lines

extend from a magnet's north pole to its south pole

North Pole

is really a magnetic south pole, and is offset from the geographic North Pole. it has very dense magnetic field lines

Earth's magnetic field lines

extend from near the geographic South Pole to near the geographic North Pole

magnetosphere

area around the Earth that is influenced by the Earth's magnetic field