Rise of the Roman Empire

How long did the Roman Empire last?

About Five Centuries

What was the key to Rome’s power besides military strength?

Control over the sea and Mediterranean trade

Approximately how large was Rome’s population by the first century AD?

1 million

How much grain did Rome need annually to feed its population?

150-300 million tons

Where was the large port complex, Portus, located?

15 miles inland from Rome

What was unusual about the shape of the basin at Portus?

It was hexagonal

How were goods transported from the port to Rome?

Through an extensive canal system

What kind of vessels did archaeologists find near the port?

Large merchant cargo ships

What popular Roman condiment was found in the amphorae on the shipwreck off Spain?

Garum (fish sauce)

What was the hidden cargo found in the lead ingots?

Lead stamped with Emperor Nero’s mark

What is the significance of the lead cargo stamp with “Imperator”?

It was meant for Emperor Nero

What did the Romans use vulcanic ash for?

To create hydraulic concrete

What is hydraulic concrete?

Concrete that hardens underwater

Where was the massive artificial harbor built by Roman engineers?

Caesarea Maritima (Modern Israel)

What engineering challenge did Roman builders face at Caesarea Maritima?

Building on shifting sand with no natural protection

What discovery helped archaeologists understand the construction methods at Caesarea?

Preserved wooden framework for concrete

What did the Romans transport across the Mediterranean that helped maintain their empire?

Grain, metals, slaves and goods

What was the largest grain storage facility discovered at Portus called?

The Hexagonal Basin Warehouses

What natural disaster is suggested to have damaged Roman Harbor infrastructure

A Tsunami

What overall secret helped Rome remain powerful for centuries?

Control of the Mediterranean Sea and its trade