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Causes of the 1848 Revolutions
Economic downturn (Hungry Forties: famine, food shortages, unemployment), growing middle-class demands for constitutional government and political participation, nationalism, and socialism.
Economic downturn
Hungry Forties: famine, food shortages, unemployment.
Nationalism
Ethnic groups sought self-determination (Italy, Germany, Hungary).
Socialism
Workers and lower classes demanded better wages and working conditions.
Outcomes of the 1848 Revolutions
Most revolutions failed in the short term; monarchies regained control (e.g., Austria, Prussia, France); nationalist movements persisted and later succeeded in Germany and Italy.
Karl Marx's Communist Manifesto
Influenced future socialist movements.
French Revolution of 1848
King Louis-Philippe abdicates due to protests over lack of political reform; a provisional government formed, including socialists; universal male suffrage established.
National Workshops
Public work programs for unemployed, led to financial strain.
June Days Revolt
Working-class uprising crushed by the government.
Rise of Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
Later declared Emperor Napoleon III.
German Confederation
Loose collection of 39 states established in 1815.
Zollverein
German economic trade union led by Prussia, excluded Austria.
Frankfurt Assembly
1848 attempt to unify Germany under a constitutional monarchy.
Frederick Wilhelm IV of Prussia
Refused the German crown from the Frankfurt Assembly, leading to its dissolution.
Habsburg Empire and Nationalism
Hungarian Revolt (1848) led by Lajos Kossuth, demanding autonomy.
Pan-Slavism
Slavic nationalism opposed Germanic rule in Austria.
Franz Joseph I
Austrian Emperor (r. 1848-1916) who reasserted imperial control with Russian help.
Giuseppe Mazzini
Italian nationalist who advocated for a democratic republic in Italy.
Piedmont-Sardinia
King Charles Albert fought Austria for Italian unification.
Final Italian unification
Achieved later under Count Cavour & Giuseppe Garibaldi.
Liberalism
Political philosophy advocating for constitutional government and individual freedoms.
Socialism (Political ideology)
Focused on economic equality and workers' rights.
June Days Revolt (French workers' uprising)
Uprising against the conservative republic, crushed by the government.
Realpolitik
Practical politics based on power rather than ideology, later used by Otto von Bismarck.
Karl Marx
German philosopher who wrote The Communist Manifesto (1848), emphasizing class struggle.
Louis-Philippe
King of France (1830-1848) who abdicated during the 1848 Revolution; replaced by Second Republic.
Louis Napoleon (Napoleon III)
President (1848), later Emperor (1852), elected after the 1848 Revolution.
Frederick Wilhelm IV
King of Prussia (1840-1861) who rejected the German crown from the Frankfurt Assembly.
Lajos Kossuth
Hungarian nationalist leader who led the Hungarian independence movement, later exiled.
Franz Joseph I
Austrian Emperor (1848-1916) who suppressed nationalist revolts with Russian assistance.
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