Unit 4 APES

Populations

environmental resistance

the sum of the environmental factors (such as drought, mineral deficiencies, and competition) that tend to restrict the biotic potential of an organism

population

individuals that belong to the same species and live in a given area at a particular time

community

all of the populations of organisms within a given area

limiting resource

resource that a population can’t live without and that occurs in quantities lower than the population would require to increase in size

overshoot

when a population becomes larger than the enviroment’s carrying capacity

die-off

rapid decline in a population due to death

habitat corridor

strips of natural habitat that connect populations

metapopulation

group of spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals between them

symbiosis

the relationship between two species that live in close association with each other

predation

an interaction in which one animal typically kills and consumes another animal

parasitism

an interaction in which one organism lives on or in another organism

pathogen

a parasite that causes disease in its host

mutualism

an interaction between 2 species that increases chances of survival or reproduction for both species

commensalism

a relationship between species in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor helped

keystone species

a species that is not very abundant but has large effects on an ecological community

pioneer species

a species that can colonize new areas rapidly and grow well in full sunshine

immigration

movement of people into a country or region, from another country or region

emmigration

movement of people out of a country or region

crude birth rate (CBR)

number or births per 1000 individuals per year

crude death rate (CDR)

number of deaths per 1000 individuals per year

doubling time

number of years it takes a population to double

total fertility rate

an estimate of the average number of children that each woman in a population will bear throughout her childbearing years

replacement level fertility

number of children a woman has to have to replace its parents or the death rate → 2.1 kids

developed country

Phase 3 (industrial) and Phase 4 (post-industrial)

developing country

Phase 1 (pre-industrial) and Phase 2 (industrializing)

infant mortality

number of deaths of children under 1 year of age per 1000 live births

net migration rate

difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country

population momentum

continued population growth after growth reduction measures have been implemented

demographic transition

as a country moves from a subsistence economy to industrialization and increased affluence, it undergoes a predictable shift in population growth

IPAT equation

equation used to estimate the impact of the human lifestyle on the environment: I (impact) = P (population) x A (affluence) x T (technology)

urban sprawl

urbanized areas that spread into rural areas, removing clear boundaries between the two

urban blight

degradation of the built and social environments of the city that often accompanies and accelerates migration the the suburbs

Smart Growth

a set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable healthy communities

zoning

planning tool used to separate industry and business from residential neighborhoods; multi-use: zoning classification that allows retail and high-density residential development to coexist in the same area

stakeholder

a person with an interest or concern in something, has something at stake