Exam 1 study guide part 1

what is gender?

the social differences between males and females (ex. emotion, gender roles, physical attraction, etc.)

social construction of gender

gender is constructed within a society and is different by context

what is sex?

the biological differences between males and females (ex. chromosomal, reproductive differences, hormonal differences, etc.)

what is oppression?

the ways in which certain people experience degradation because of political, economic, or social realities

what is empowerment?

the capacity to attain power

list the waves of feminism

1st wave (mid 1800's - early 1900's)
2nd wave (1960's - 1980's)
3rd wave (1990's - present)

1st Wave Feminism (mid 1800's - early 1900's)

women deserve legal rights

2nd Wave Feminism (1960's - 1980's)

women deserve equal legal rights, access to education, workplace, and politics

who is Gloria Steinem?

prominent figure during 2nd Wave Feminism and an editor of Ms Magazine

3rd Wave Feminism (1990's - present)

all women have different experiences, this focuses on the intersectionality of the different types of women (ex. race, sexuality, age, culture, trans, etc.)

list the types of feminism

liberal
radical
cultural
socialist
women of color
queer
post-colonial

what is liberal feminism?

-want to end sex discrimination and believe women should have the same rights as men
-men as a group should not be challenged
-men and women are more similar than different
-Equal Right Amendment (1970), still has not been passed

what is radical feminism?

-society is a patriarchy in which women are oppressed by men
-rejects standard gender roles
-changing laws and policies isn't enough because patriarchy is so normative

what is cultural feminism?

-there are fundamental differences between males and females; gender essentialism
-society needs to appreciate traditional feminine values
-if women were in charge, the world's problems will disappear
-fails to consider the gender non-binary

what is socialist feminism?

-links gender oppression with capitalism
-myth of meritocracy (the perception that economic mobility is easily obtainable through hard work)

what is women of color feminism?

-women's inequality is deeply linked to white supremacy
-focuses on concerns that do not only benefit girls and women (affirmative action, affordable housing, prison reform, etc.)

what is queer feminism?

-critiques heternomativity, which is the idea that people fall into a binary of two distinct sex categories
-non binary
-sex, gender, and sexuality are not always aligned in a predictable way

what is post-colonial feminism?

-connects women's inequalities to colonialism
-critiques the belief that women in Western countries are the most liberated in the world

what is quasi-experimental research?

aims to establish a correlation between an independent and dependent variable but does not randomly assign participants; uses subject variables instead (demographic features of participants)

what is ethnography?

the description/study of the customs of individual people and cultures

what are experimenter effects (in research)?

bias brought into the research by the experimenter (ex. choice of participants, dependent variables used, interpretation of data)

what are participant effects (in research)?

bias brought into the research by the participants (ex. demand characteristics, social desirability)

what are demand characteristics?

cues in an experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected, causing the participant to behave how they think the researcher wants them to

what is social desirability?

when participants present themselves in a favorable way

what is social stratification?

intersecting identities provide a complex access to power

what is privilege?

-social, economic, and political advantages just because someone is a member of a group
-unearned entitlements, normative, visibility

what are unearned entitlements (privilege)?

all the things you just have which give you privilege

what is normative (privilege)?

what falls within the norm (ex. heterosexuality)

what is visibility (privilege)?

the advantages certain individuals or groups have because their identities, experiences, or characteristics are more recognized and acknowledged by society

ABC components

Affective (emotions)
Behavioral (behavior)
Cognitive (thoughts)

what is prejudice (emotion)?

emotions behind an attitude

what is discrimination (behavior)?

changing your behavior based off thoughts and feelings and the category you put them in

what are stereotypes (thought)?

a generalized belief/thought about a particular category of people