Nervous System (Brain & Spinal Cord)

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45 Terms

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Cerebrum

largest part of the brain consisting of a right and left hemisphere that provides higher mental functions

<p>largest part of the brain consisting of a right and left hemisphere that provides higher mental functions</p>
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Gyri

Ridges (convolutions) on the surface of the brain

<p>Ridges (convolutions) on the surface of the brain</p>
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Sulci

Shallow grooves between gyri

<p>Shallow grooves between gyri</p>
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Fissure

Deep grooves that separates parts (such as lobes)

<p>Deep grooves that separates parts (such as lobes)</p>
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Corpus Callosum

Broad, flat bundle of axons that connects the cerebral hemispheres

<p>Broad, flat bundle of axons that connects the cerebral hemispheres</p>
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Frontal Lobe

Lobe of the brain that is responsible for executive functions, motor control, and personality & emotions. Important in decision-making, concentration, planning, problem-solving, voluntary movements, emotional regulation, and social behavior.

<p>Lobe of the brain that is responsible for executive functions, motor control, and personality &amp; emotions. Important in decision-making, concentration, planning, problem-solving, voluntary movements, emotional regulation, and social behavior.</p>
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Broca's Area

Area of the brain responsible for speech production; provides motor instructions to muscles necessary for speech (mouth, tongue, and larynx)

<p>Area of the brain responsible for speech production; provides motor instructions to muscles necessary for speech (mouth, tongue, and larynx)</p>
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Parietal Lobe

Lobe of the brain that is responsible for sensory processing, spatial awareness, visual-spatial functions, and understanding speech and using words.

<p>Lobe of the brain that is responsible for sensory processing, spatial awareness, visual-spatial functions, and understanding speech and using words.</p>
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Somatosensory Cortex

Area of the brain responsible for sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain

<p>Area of the brain responsible for sensations of touch, pressure, temperature, and pain</p>
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Occipital Lobe

Lobe of the brain that combines visual images and visual recognition

<p>Lobe of the brain that combines visual images and visual recognition</p>
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Temporal Lobe

Lobe of the brain responsible for auditory processing, memory, emotion, and language.

<p>Lobe of the brain responsible for auditory processing, memory, emotion, and language.</p>
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Wernicke's Area

Area of the brain that receives and relays input from the visual and auditory cortex; important for understanding written and spoken language

<p>Area of the brain that receives and relays input from the visual and auditory cortex; important for understanding written and spoken language</p>
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Cortex

The outer or surface portion of the cerebrum; responsible for integration and contains nearly 75% of all neuron cell bodies

<p>The outer or surface portion of the cerebrum; responsible for integration and contains nearly 75% of all neuron cell bodies</p>
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Diencephalon

Part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and other structures

<p>Part of the brain located between the cerebral hemispheres and above the midbrain; includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, pineal gland, and other structures</p>
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Thalamus

Structure of the brain that acts as a processing and relay center for almost all sensory information (except smell); produces an awareness of sensations

<p>Structure of the brain that acts as a processing and relay center for almost all sensory information (except smell); produces an awareness of sensations</p>
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Hypothalamus

Structure of the brain that links the nervous system and the endocrine system; maintains homeostasis

<p>Structure of the brain that links the nervous system and the endocrine system; maintains homeostasis</p>
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Brainstem

Bundle of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord; contains three structures: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

<p>Bundle of nervous tissue that connects the cerebrum, diencephalon, and cerebellum to the spinal cord; contains three structures: midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata</p>
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Midbrain

Small region of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons that contains myelinated axons that connect the spinal cord to higher parts of the brain

<p>Small region of the brainstem between the diencephalon and the pons that contains myelinated axons that connect the spinal cord to higher parts of the brain</p>
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Hippocampus

Portion of the brain associated with learning and memory; consolidates information from short-term memory to long-term memory; plays a role in spatial navigation

<p>Portion of the brain associated with learning and memory; consolidates information from short-term memory to long-term memory; plays a role in spatial navigation</p>
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Amygdala

Portion of the brain linked to emotion and memory; controls emotional experience and expression

<p>Portion of the brain linked to emotion and memory; controls emotional experience and expression</p>
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Pons

Part of the brainstem that contains centers for respiration and serves as a relay station; relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum; handles unconscious processes and jobs such as REM and breathing

<p>Part of the brainstem that contains centers for respiration and serves as a relay station; relays sensory impulses to the cerebrum; handles unconscious processes and jobs such as REM and breathing</p>
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Medulla Oblongata

Portion of the brainstem that contains centers for breathing, cardiovascular control, swallowing, and other involuntary functions; all ascending and descending nerve tracts pass through this structure

<p>Portion of the brainstem that contains centers for breathing, cardiovascular control, swallowing, and other involuntary functions; all ascending and descending nerve tracts pass through this structure</p>
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Cerebellum

Part of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle movement and is responsible for motor learning, balance, and equilibrium; located beneath the occipital lobe

<p>Part of the brain that coordinates skeletal muscle movement and is responsible for motor learning, balance, and equilibrium; located beneath the occipital lobe</p>
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Anterior Horn

Part of the spinal cord that contain cell bodies of motor neurons that carry signals to muscles/glands; gray matter

<p>Part of the spinal cord that contain cell bodies of motor neurons that carry signals to muscles/glands; gray matter</p>
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Posterior Horn

Part of the spinal cord that contain interneurons that receive sensory information from sensory neurons; gray matter

<p>Part of the spinal cord that contain interneurons that receive sensory information from sensory neurons; gray matter</p>
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Gray Matter

A type of nervous tissue that is composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, along with synapses

<p>A type of nervous tissue that is composed of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, along with synapses</p>
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White Matter

A type of nervous tissue that is composed of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) that facilitate communication between different regions of the brain

<p>A type of nervous tissue that is composed of myelinated nerve fibers (axons) that facilitate communication between different regions of the brain</p>
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Nerve Tracts

Longitudinal bundles of myelinated axons within funiculi, forming significant neural pathways in the central nervous system

<p>Longitudinal bundles of myelinated axons within funiculi, forming significant neural pathways in the central nervous system</p>
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Central Canal

The tube in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid

<p>The tube in the spinal cord that contains cerebrospinal fluid</p>
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Ascending Tracts

Nerve tract that carries sensory information from the PNS to the CNS

<p>Nerve tract that carries sensory information from the PNS to the CNS</p>
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Descending Tracts

Nerve tract that conducts motor impulses from the CNS to the PNS

<p>Nerve tract that conducts motor impulses from the CNS to the PNS</p>
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Spinal Reflex

Reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord; arcs from one neuron to another for a quick reaction without thinking

<p>Reflex arc that passes through the spinal cord; arcs from one neuron to another for a quick reaction without thinking</p>
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Meninges

Three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord; located between the bone and soft tissues of the nervous system; protects the brain and spinal cord

<p>Three layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord; located between the bone and soft tissues of the nervous system; protects the brain and spinal cord</p>
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Dura mater

Outermost layer of the meninges and contains blood vessels and nerves; composed of tough connective tissue

<p>Outermost layer of the meninges and contains blood vessels and nerves; composed of tough connective tissue</p>
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Epidural space

The space between the dural sheath and the bone of the vertebral canal; contains loose connective tissue and adipose tissue that provides a protective pad around the spinal cord

<p>The space between the dural sheath and the bone of the vertebral canal; contains loose connective tissue and adipose tissue that provides a protective pad around the spinal cord</p>
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Arachnoid mater

Delicate, web-like middle layer of the meninges that lacks blood vessels

<p>Delicate, web-like middle layer of the meninges that lacks blood vessels</p>
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Cerebrospinal Fluid

Clear, watery fluid in the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord that delivers nutrients to the CNS, provides protection, and removes waste

<p>Clear, watery fluid in the ventricles of the brain and central canal of the spinal cord that delivers nutrients to the CNS, provides protection, and removes waste</p>
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Pia mater

Innermost, thin layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the brain and the spinal cord

<p>Innermost, thin layer of the meninges that is in direct contact with the brain and the spinal cord</p>
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Motor Cortex

Area of the brain responsible for generating signals to direct the voluntary movement of the body

<p>Area of the brain responsible for generating signals to direct the voluntary movement of the body</p>
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Limbic System

Connected structures in the brain that produce emotions; contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, etc.

<p>Connected structures in the brain that produce emotions; contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus, etc.</p>
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Reticular Formation

Complex network of nerve fibers in the brainstem that arouses the cerebrum to a wakeful state

<p>Complex network of nerve fibers in the brainstem that arouses the cerebrum to a wakeful state</p>
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Lissencephaly

A rare brain malformation where the brain's surface lacks the normal ridges and grooves; also known as "smooth brain"

<p>A rare brain malformation where the brain's surface lacks the normal ridges and grooves; also known as "smooth brain"</p>
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Hemispherectomy

A rare and complex surgical procedure where one hemisphere of the brain is either partially or completely removed

<p>A rare and complex surgical procedure where one hemisphere of the brain is either partially or completely removed</p>
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Spinal Cord

Slender column of nervous tissue extending downward from the brain into the vertebral canal

<p>Slender column of nervous tissue extending downward from the brain into the vertebral canal</p>
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Meningitis

Inflammation of the meninges

<p>Inflammation of the meninges</p>