test 2

What characterized the Dark Ages in terms of societal impact?

Destruction of Roman infrastructure, loss of classical knowledge, decline in literacy, and invasions.

Who were the primary invaders during the Dark Ages?

Vikings, Magyars, and Saracens.

What is the hierarchy structure of feudalism?

At the top: King, followed by nobles (lords and barons), knights, and then peasants (serfs).

How did the Papacy's power change during the Dark Ages?

The Papacy gained significant power and there was a rise in intolerance towards other religions.

What role did monasteries play during the Dark Ages?

They became centers of learning, preserving knowledge through scriptoriums.

What were the main successes and failures of the Crusades?

Success: stimulated trade and cultural exchange; Failure: lost long-term control over the Holy Land and significant loss of life.

What was scholasticism?

The merging of classical philosophy with Christian theology due to the rise of universities.

Who is considered the Father of Humanism?

Petrarch.

What contributions did Leonardo da Vinci make during the Renaissance?

Emphasized empirical observation and human anatomy.

What significant approach did Galileo Galilei advocate?

The scientific method.

What shift occurred in education post-Renaissance?

Shift from religious doctrine to natural science and empirical evidence.

What did Francis Bacon advocate in his empirical method?

Inductive reasoning, experimentation, and skepticism of a priori reasoning.

What was William Harvey known for?

Discovering the circulation of blood.

What contribution did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek make to science?

Discovered microorganisms and is known as the Father of microbiology.

What was Spinoza's view on the mind and body?

He posited that the mind and body are two aspects of a single substance.

What does Descartes’s rationalism emphasize?

The use of reason to develop knowledge, distinguishing mind and body.

What is the focus of positivism in the French tradition?

Observable phenomena and a scientific approach.

What is the significance of John Locke's theory?

Proposed the mind as a blank slate (tabula rasa) developed through experience.

What is the Bell-Magendie Law?

Differentiation of sensory and motor nerves, foundational to neuroscience.

What does Cajal’s Neuron Doctrine state?

Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system.