WHAP FINAL (copy)

Vocabulary units 1-5

Grand Canal

built by yangdi during the sui dynasty

linked the yangtze to the huang he

an important waterway, connecting north and south china and making agricultural transport much easier

Song Dynasty

a unified dynastic empire that remained in China from 960-1279, reunited by Zhao Kuangyin

Structure: personell, finance, rites army, justice. public works

Confucianism

one of the chief things that helped organize the chinese government

everyone behaved properly in their place

reality is fundamentally hierarchical

Filial Piety

respect for family

an idea stressed in confucianism

Civil Service Exam

a test you had to pass in order to work in the imperial bureaucracy

one of the major achievements of the Song government 

deeply influenced by Confucian ideals

Shifted power from hereditary form of aristocracy to a new class of scholar gentry

Scholar Gentry

Officials part of the Chinese bureaucracy who had to pass the civil service exam, following Confucian teaching

Commercialization

the production of goods for use and sale in distant markets

Iron Production

Chinese production in 1200 that rivaled that of Europe in the 18th century

32 thousands suits of armor, 16 million arrowheads annually

Paper Money

introduced as the economy grew and there was not enough precious metal for the minting of coins to keep up with the demand

Gunpowder

an accidental discovery by daoist alchemists 

the original use was for fireworks and pyrotechnic displays for the imperial court

song military leaders turned it into weapons

Japanese Sinification

the assimilation or spread of Chinese culture in a country who worked hard to form their own identity but china's influence was all over its culture

Tried to resist Chinese influence, but Japan was affected a lot through architecture and other ways

Buddhism

an indian religion/philosophy

one of china's most significant influences

2500 yr old, began in india spread to china

Theravada Buddhism

Found in South/Southeast Asia, believed that monasticism was the way to achieve Nirvana and become a Buddha

Mahayana Buddhism

Found in East Asia, was a form of devotional Buddhism, consisted of veneration of many deities

Tibetan Buddhism

a mix of theravada and mahayana

rituals (tantra)

Champa Rice

a quick-maturing, drought resistant rice that could be harvested several times a year

sent to china as a tribute gift from vietnam

led to massive population growth

Abbasid Caliphate

Caliphate that defeated Umayyads in 750 CE, had control over North Africa and the Middle East

Islam

a religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad

5 pillars - one God, daily prayer, charity, fasting, pilgrimage (jihad)

monotheistic, no images, equality

Delhi Sultanate

newly-converted turkish muslims invaded india and created a muslim political state in 1206, for 300 yrs

Hinduism

a religion that structured indian society for hundreds of years

polytheistic, many idols, caste system

Sufi Muslims

a form of islam that emphasized a more emotional and ecstatic experience, accommodated Hindu gods and festivals

Ghana

a west african country where islam spread by the commercial enterprises of traveling merchants- Traded with Muslim traders → gold and ivory in exchange for salt, copper, cloth, tools

Mali

a west african civilization that broke away from ghana in the 13th century

founded by sundiata

Jenne Jeno and Timbuktu were centers of trade, commerce, and learning

Mansa Musa was a king who took the first pilgrimage to Mecca by an African leader

Songhai

an empire that broke away from mali in the 14th century

Sunni Ali was an important ruler, was Muslim and incorporated syncretic beliefs

Was a major center of Islamic learning and commerce

Mansa Musa

Ruler of Mali who went on the hajj and brought his wealth with him

House of Wisdom

large public library belonging to the abbasid caliphs

an academic center for learning, research, and translation established in 830

Nasir al-Din-al-Tusi

1201-1274 considered the founder of trigonometry and mathematical models used in astronomy

Seljuk Empire

captured baghdad in 1055 and took the remaining portions of the abbasid empire

recaptured all territory in 1291

Bhakti Movement

a manifestation of Hindu beliefs from the 12th century movement

emphasized the emotional side of devotion, one God, religious experience, and direct relationship with the gods

Vijayanagara Kingdom

Flourished in 15th century, distinctly Hindu kingdom, borrowed Muslim architecture and employed Muslim mercenaries

Srivijaya Empire

670-1025, formed when Malay sailors opened the Strait of Malacca and many small ports competed with each other 

Dominated critical point of Indian Ocean trade

Caste System

a hierarchical structure of indian society that divided people into five groups each one better than the one below 

to move up castes get good karma

Hierarchical structuring of society that divided people into 5 groups

Aztecs/Mexica

The native american people who dominated northern mexico at the time of the spanish conquest in the early 16th century

worked as mercenaries anx build capiral in tenochtitlan

Tenochtitlan

capital of aztec empire

Chinampa

Floating artificial islands that produced high yield crops

Tribute System

Conquered people required to pay Aztecs in money, land, military service, goods and services

People were also required to provide labor

Human Sacrifice

• Believed that the world was ending

• Sun required the life-giving force found in human blood

• Human sacrifice helped avoid catastrophe

Inca

Quechua-speaking people, built empire on the spine of the Andes Mountains

• Had a bureaucratic empire, ruled by a divine emperor

Terraced Farming

Method of farming that made previously unfarmable land farmable by cutting steps into steep slopes of Andes to grow crops

Quipu

Knotted cords that served as an accounting device

Recorded births, deaths, marriages, and other population data

Ethiopia

African state that remained Christian as Islam expanded

Great Zimbabwe

Formed from the growing trade of gold to the coast and the wealth from its cattle

The center of trade for all of southern africa

Griots

Storytellers who told of the history, narratives, and lineage of the tribe

Preserved oral traditions

Byzantine Empire

The continuity of the roman empire in the east after the west fell in 476

Successor to the Roman Empire, ruled the eastern half of Europe

Political authority was centralized in Constantinople

Practiced Eastern Orthodox Christianity

Feudalism

A system of mutual obligations that existed between classes

Four social layers - the king, the lords, the knights, the peasantry

The serfs worked the land of the lords (not slaves but not free, lives tied to the land)

Manorial System

Agricultural manors owned by lords and farmed on by serfs and peasants, lords protect serfs and serfs work on the manor

Guilds

Associations of people pursuing the same line of work

Magna Carta

Document signed in 1215 that shifted power to the noble class, guaranteed rights like right to jury trial, right to own and inherit property

Roman Catholic Church

Established the first universities in Europe, provided cultural and intellectual unity to Europe

Crusades

Series of holy wars starting in 1095, aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem from Muslims, shifted power from monarchs to Catholic Church

Marco Polo

An italian explorer who wrote about his travels along the silk road; china

Bourgaise

The middle class

Not as rich as nobles and not as poor as peasants

Little Ice Age

Temperatures gradually fell, leading to decreased agricultural productivity → decreased population → less trade → decrease in economy

Renaissance

Rebirth

The rebirth of ancient greek and roman culture, art, and literature

Silk Roads

Land based trade route that stretched from china to europe to north africa

Luxury goods, Silk, spices, porcelain, tea, paper, horses, gems

Buddhism spread through China

Asia → developed new syncretic changes like Mahayana Buddhism

Indian Ocean

Sea-based routes that stretched from Asia to East Africa, Islam dominate

Common goods and luxury goods, ships can carry more goods, Spices, textiles, porcelain, gold, ivory, slaves, food crops

Growth of Indian Ocean trade due to economic revival of China, rise of Islam

Trans-Saharan

Desert trade route that stretched from north africa to the mediterranean to west africa, Islam dominate

Gold, salt, slaves, ivory, leather, textiles

Camel Caravan

Modes of transportation for goods, packed into saddles of camel caravans

Traversed the harsh and dangerous steppes, deserts, and oases of Central Asia

Arabian Camel

Could walk for up to 10 days without water, allowed traders to travel from North Africa to West Africa

Chinese Silk

Precious fabric originating in China around 3000 BCE

Produced by Chinese women

Was a symbol of high status

Syncretism with Samarkand 

In Samarkand, the use of Zoroastrian fire rituals became part of Buddhist practice

Black Death/Bubonic Plague

Nearly half the european population died between 1346 - 1348 because of this disease

spread through fleas, silk road

Monsoons

The success of the indian ocean trading routes was made possible by these predictable yearly storms

Predictable wind currents that alternated between the Northeast in the summer and Southwest in the winter

Magnetic Compass

Created by the Chinese, helped guide sailors and navigate using directions

Astrolabe

Navigation tool used for taking the altitude of the sun or stars, told sailors how far north/south they were from the equator

Chinese Junks

Chinese flat-bottomed ships that could carry 500 men and lots of goods, had sternpost rudders and keels for a heightened stability

Swahili City-States

8th century, traded gold, ivory, and slaves

Each state was independent with its own king

Commercial centers that accumulated goods from the interior and exchanged them for products of distant civilizations

Islam eventually became dominant religion of Swahili city-states

Neo-Confucianism

a fusion of rational thought with daoist and buddhist beliefs that originated in china but soon spread to korea and japan

religious syncretism

Swahili Language

When the Muslims encountered Bantu-speaking people, Bantu converted to Islam and developed Swahili language

Grammatically an African tongue within the Bantu family of languages, but written in Arabic script

Lateen Sail

Large triangular sail that could catch wind on both sides of the ship, giving more control

Stern Post Rudder

steering apparatus of a ship that gave it much more precision in turning

Hangzhou

Song dynasty capital, one of the largest and most metropolitan cities in china

a diverse population of over a million people

poetry and literature flourished 

Ibn Batutta

A muslim traveler who made it his ambition to travel all throughout dar al islam 

Kept a detailed journal of the people whose lands he visited

Kublai Khan

Genghis Khan’s grandson

ruled China from 1271-1294 under the Yuan dynasty

Zheng He

Sailed the indian ocean under the leadership of yongle to enroll people into the chinese tribute system

Muslim sailor who led the Chinese expeditions in the Indian Ocean

Banana

Indonesian merchants introduced to sub Saharan Africa

Bantu-speaking people of Africa could move into regions where yams couldn’t grow → migrations of people

Caravenseri

Roadside inns on the Silk Road where merchants could rest and sleep 

• Merchants stayed close to animals, and animals had fleas

Chinggis Khan

• Born in 12th century, his family became social outcasts

• Forged alliances among all the Mongolian tribes and recognized as a chief

• Named Chinggis Khan

• Tolerant to religion

Mongol Army Organization

Organized into units of 10000, 1000, 100, 10 allowing for effective command and control

Conquered tribes were broken up throughout the units

Loyal and disciplined

Mongols in China

• 1209-1279 first attack on China

•  More concerned with accommodating local population as they moved down to Southern China

• Unified China, convinced people that they had Mandate of Heaven

• Used existing Chinese administrative techniques

• Yuan dynasty → roads and canals were built, ruled only 100 years

Mongols in Persia

• Slaughtered Persians with ferocity

• 1258 sacking of Baghdad

• Used Persian administrative system and kept Persian officials in government

• Many Mongols became Muslim and assimilated into Persian culture

Gunpowder Empires

Southwest, Central, and South Asia

Relied on firearms to control their territories and expand

Russia, Ottoman, Safavid, Mughal

Gutenberg Press

Made production of books and pamphlets much easier

Increase in European literacy

Isabella and Ferdinand of Spain

Catholic monarchs of Spain in 15th century, forced Muslims out of the Iberian Peninsula, funded Spanish maritime voyaging

Ivan the Terrible

Crowned tzar in 1547

expanded Russian territory east using gunpowder, killed off boyars to consolidate his power

Peter the Great

Began rule in 1682, known for Westernizing Russia and building the capital at St. Petersburg

• Brought western bureaucracy, military, and education

Catherine the Great

1762-1796 ruled with absolute authority, crushed the Pugachev rebellion (led to worse conditions for serfs, less freedom), continued to Westernize Russia

Yuan Dynasty

Established by the mongols

Ruled by Kublai Khan

Overthrown in 1368

Ming Dynasty

Replaced the yuan dynasty and held power in china well into the 1600s

1368-1644, restored and expanded Great Wall of China, eliminated Mongol influence while promoting Confucian culture and practices

Emperor Yongle sponsored Chinese maritime voyaging (Zheng He)

Qing Dynasty

The manchu seized power of china and established in 1644 

Chinese territory was significantly expanded into taiwan, mongolia, central asia, and tibet

Ottoman Empire

Established in 1300s by Ottoman Turks, seized Constantinople of Byzantine Empire and changed it to Istanbul

Mehmed II

In 1453, Ottoman empire seized Constantinople from Byzantine under Mehmed II

Constantinople

Capital of Byzantine Empire, later changed to Istanbul

Safavid Empire

Ruled by Ismail, conquered Persia and Iraq made Shia Islam the official religion of the empire

Shia Islam

Official religion of Safavid Empire, denied legitimacy to the Sunnis, believed that inams (leaders) should be of descent from the Prophet

Sunni Islam

Ottoman Empire religion, believed that caliphs were selected by the community

Mughal Empire

Established in early 16th century, Islamized Turks invaded India, ruled over Hindu people

Babur

Founded Mughal Empire in 1520s when India was in disarray

Akbar

The greatest leader of the mughal empire 

Under his leadership the mughal empire was one of the most prosperous and well led states in all the world

Ruler of Mughal Empire, promoted religious tolerance (Hinduism)

Divine Right of Kings

To challenge the king is to challenge god and no good christian wants to find themselves in the position of challenging god