Science of Nutrition- Exam 4 (PT.1)

functions of sodium

maintains fluid balance

regulates blood pressure

muscle contraction and relaxation

transmission of nerve signals

assists w/ glucose absorption from the small intestine via the SGLT pump

best diet to help hypertension

DASH diet

excess phosphorus can occur with

kidney disease or taking too many Vitamin D supplements

good phosphorus sources

rich soft drinks

disorders related to fluid and electrolyte imbalance:

dehydration, heat stroke, hypertension, obesity, CHF, neuromuscular and kidney disorders

good sources of vitamin E

SEEDS, nuts, soybeans

vitamin E deficiency

hemolytic anemia

Vitamin C function

regenerates vitamin E by donating ELECTRONS, helps w/ serotonin function

Cancer definition:

a group of related diseases characterized by “cells growing out of control”

Calcium functions

maintains bones and teeth, acid-base balance, transmission of nerve impulses, assists in muscle contraction

calcium absorption requires which vitamin

vitamin D (a major component of bone health)

which food has a very low calcium bioavailability

spinach

calcium deficiency

osteoporosis

Risks: age, gender, smoking, genetics

inhibitors of iron absorption

phytates(legumes, rice, whole grains)

polyphenols(oregano, red wine, coffee, tea)

vegetable proteins, fiber, and calcium (soy, whole grains, milk)

Vitamin K deficiency:

blood fails to clot, excessive bleeding, hemorrhaging

what can inhibit copper absorption

high zinc intake from supplements

Vitamin B12 is found

only from animal sources

toxicity and deficiency of B12 are rare, but a deficiency could result in

pernicious(macrocytic anemia)

most common anemia

iron deficiency anemia

good source of magnesium

dark chocolate

anemia associated with B12 deficiency

pernicious anemia

apple fat distribution can cause an increase in

chronic conditions

leading cause of diabetes

obesity

recommendation for obesity

decrease diet by 500-1000 kcal a day

safe weight loss is categorized by

losing 1-2 lbs a week

a successful weight loss plan includes

dietary recommendations, physical activity, and behavior changes

something that WOULDN’T be a characteristic of a fad diet

a diet that requires the dieter to count calories or grams of fat

water soluble vitamins

B+C; excess excreted in urine

fat soluble vitamins

ADEK

which vitamins and minerals are antioxidants

C, A, E, selenium, beta-carotene

Vitamin E functions:

Protects fatty tissues and

cell membranes; prevents

oxidation of LDL’s and

enhances immunity

Beta-carotene function

Vitamin A precursor;

protects skins and eyes

from UV

selenium functions

General immune function

and prevents vitamin E

oxidation

good source of selenium

Brazilian nuts

vitamin A function

Normal vision, fertility,

bone growth

good source of vitamin A

pumpkin

Vitamin C function

Strong blood vessels and

normal healing enhances

immunity and iron

absorption

good source of vitamin C

strawberries

copper functions

Required for iron

absorption, excessive

supplementation can

inhibit copper absorption

enhancers of iron absorption

meat factor, stomach acids, vitamin C

free radical:

highly reactive, unstable atoms or molecules with unpaired electrons created during cellular metabolism

functions of antioxidants

protects

• Scavenges free radicals

• LDL-cholesterol from oxidation

• Lungs from ozone and cigarette

damage

• White blood cells (enhances immune

function)

smokers need an extra 35mg of what a day

vitamin c

phytochemicals

antioxidants, anti-inflammatory agents, and immune system boosters found in colorful fruits and veggies

nutrients involved in a healthy immune system:

vitamin c, vitamin d, zinc, protein

good source of sodium

canned processed foods

excess sodium can cause

hypernatremia, high blood pressure

sodium deficiency can cause

hyponatremia

phosphorus deficiencies

deficiencies are rare

good source of vitamin E

total cereal (is fortified with vitamin E)

functions of vitamin C

1.Synthesis of collagen, DNA, bile,

neurotransmitters (serotonin), carnitine,

hormones (thyroxine, epinephrine, steroids)

2. Prevents the disease scurvy

3. Strengthens resistance to infection

4. Helps in absorption of iron

3 steps of cancer development

Initiation

Promotion

Progression

a hormone since it is synthesized in one

location, and acts in another location

Vitamin D

less sun may require an increase of what nutrient in your diet

vitamin D

risk factors of osteoporosis

Age

2. Gender (all women)- Caucasian, Latin

American, Asian, Northern European

ancestry

3. Premature menopause

4. Family history

5. Smoking

6. Heavy/regular use of alcohol

7. Underweight

8. Poor dietary intake

9. Sedentary lifestyle or bed-confinement

hemoglobin

the oxygen-carrying

protein found in red blood

cells, contains iron

meat factor

Special factor found in

meat, fish and poultry that aids

absorption of non-heme iron

vitamin K toxicity

no known side-effects of consuming too much vitamin K

more copper in absorbed from a ___ copper diet

low copper

factors that impair copper absorption

high zinc and iron intakes

good source of vitamin B12

salmon, almost exclusively animal sources

too much vitamin B12

no known side effects

anemia

“without blood”;

any condition of low hemoglobin

levels.

iron deficiency anemia occurs when

dietary intake is low, large amounts of blood loss

pernicious anemia

loss of

specific cells of the stomach, B12 deficiency

macrocytic anemia

enlarged blood cells

good source of vitamin D

fortified milk

good source of vitamin K

brocolli

good source of potassium

bananas

good source of folate

black eyed peas

good source of vitamin E

sunflower seeds

good source of iron

ground beef

good source of calcium

yogurt

High blood levels of which of the following vitamins or minerals results in hyperkalemia?

potassium

antioxidant characteristics

Repair the damage that free radicals cause

, Not Selected

Stabilize free radicals

, Not Selected

Antioxidants consist of vitamins, minerals and phytochemicals

, Not Selected

too much vitamin E can cause

Excessive bleeding and possible hemorrhagic stroke, Augmentation of anti-coagulant medications

deficiency of vitamin E can cause

Hemolytic anemia

Loss of muscle coordination

vitamin C deficiency

Poor wound healing

Scurvy

Muscle degeneration and pain

example of a weak antioxidant

beta-carotene

functions of vitamin A

Protects LDL from oxidation

Is essential for healthy vision

bone growth

Carotenosis, a harmless orange pigment to the body is the result of ____

beta-carotene

vitamin A toxicity symptoms

Enlarged liver

Birth defects

Reduced bone density

functions of selenium

Decreases free radicals

Is needed for the production of thyroxine

Part of the glutathione peroxidase enzyme system

Brittle hair, skin rashes, vomiting, nausea and weakness are all symptoms that can occur with which vitamin or mineral toxicity?

selenium

Which minerals function as cofactors in the superoxide dismutase enzyme antioxidant system?

Copper

Manganese

Zinc

what may inhibit the growth of cancer cells

antioxidants

selenium deficiency name

Keshandisease

vitamin a deficiency name

Night blindness

vitamin d deficiency name

rickets

vitamin c deficiency name

scurvy

vitamin k deficiency name

Hemorrhage

vitamin B-12 deficiency name

Pernicious anemia

flouride deficiency may cause…

dental cavities

Phytates and oxalates are binding factors that prevent the absorption of which vitamin or mineral?

calcium

vitamin D properties:

Taking excess Vitamin D can result in a phosphorus toxicity

Sun exposure affects the amount of Vitamin D synthesized 

Vitamin D is required for calcium absorption

Not consuming enough vitamin K can result in

excessive bleeding

Significant sources of vitamin K can be found in

green leafy vegetables

Phylloquinone is the plant form of…

Vitamin K

properties of phosphorus

Critical for bone formation and fluid balance

It is a component of ATP, DNA and membranes

A combination of drinking several soft drinks without consuming milk products can result in a calcium deficiency