BIOL 162 -Chapter 5: Reflexes and Reaction Times

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22 Terms

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Neuron

A single cell that specializes in communication via electrical impulses.

<p>A single cell that specializes in communication via electrical impulses.</p>
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Cell Body/Soma

The largest part of the neuron containing the nucleus and organelles.

<p>The largest part of the neuron containing the nucleus and organelles.</p>
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Dendrites

Short projections continuous with the soma and function to receive information.

<p>Short projections continuous with the soma and function to receive information.</p>
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Axon

The single long projection responsible for transmitting information from the cell body to the next cell.

<p>The single long projection responsible for transmitting information from the cell body to the next cell.</p>
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Axon Hillock

The portion of the axon connecting the cell body, often swollen, the site of action potential generation.

<p>The portion of the axon connecting the cell body, often swollen, the site of action potential generation.</p>
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Axon Terminals

The end of an axon that is branched.

<p>The end of an axon that is branched.</p>
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Synapse

A junction between two nerve cells.

<p>A junction between two nerve cells.</p>
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Pre-Synaptic Neuron

The neuron sending a signal.

<p>The neuron sending a signal.</p>
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Post-Synaptic Neuron

The neuron receiving the signal.

<p>The neuron receiving the signal.</p>
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Action Potential

An electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron.

<p>An electrical impulse that travels down the axon of a neuron.</p>
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Neurotransmitter

A chemical that is used to communicate between neurons.

<p>A chemical that is used to communicate between neurons.</p>
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Graded (Local) Potential

A small electrical impulse that fades over distance.

<p>A small electrical impulse that fades over distance.</p>
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Excitatory

Can cause that neuron to initiate an action potential in its axon.

<p>Can cause that neuron to initiate an action potential in its axon.</p>
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Inhibitory

Can cause that neuron to be less likely to initiate an action potential.

<p>Can cause that neuron to be less likely to initiate an action potential.</p>
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Afferent Neurons

Sensory neurons, convey impulses towards the CNS from sensory receptors found throughout the body.

<p>Sensory neurons, convey impulses towards the CNS from sensory receptors found throughout the body.</p>
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Efferent Neurons

Motor neurons, convey impulses away from the CNS to a target, which can be a muscle or a gland.

<p>Motor neurons, convey impulses away from the CNS to a target, which can be a muscle or a gland.</p>
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Interneurons

Found within the CNS, connect efferent and afferent neurons and integrate sensory input and motor output.

<p>Found within the CNS, connect efferent and afferent neurons and integrate sensory input and motor output.</p>
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Reflex

A very fast, involuntary response to a stimulus.

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Latency

The amount of time that passes between the initial stimulus and the response of a reflex.

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Muscle Stretch Reflex

Follows the five steps of a typical reflex arc and is triggered when a muscle is rapidly stretched.

<p>Follows the five steps of a typical reflex arc and is triggered when a muscle is rapidly stretched.</p>
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Muscle Spindles

Muscle fibers with sensory neuron axon terminals wrapped around them.

<p>Muscle fibers with sensory neuron axon terminals wrapped around them.</p>
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Excitatory Synapse

A synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.

<p>A synapse in which an action potential in a presynaptic neuron increases the probability of an action potential occurring in a postsynaptic cell.</p>