Genetics and Evolution Lecture Notes

These flashcards cover key concepts and definitions related to genetics, evolution, animal and plant biology, and the principles of taxonomy as discussed in the lecture.

DNA Structure

A double helix composed of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, nitrogenous base), storing genetic information in the sequence of bases (A, T, C, G).

Meiosis

A specialized cell division resulting in four haploid daughter cells from one diploid parent cell, essential for sexual reproduction.

Chromosomal Errors

Mistakes such as nondisjunction that can lead to aneuploidy like Trisomy 21 (Down Syndrome).

Karyotypes

An organized profile of a person's chromosomes used for detecting structural changes or numerical abnormalities.

Punnett Squares

A grid used to calculate the probability of inheriting specific traits from parental genotypes.

Taxonomy

The hierarchical system of naming and classifying organisms (Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species).

Dichotomous Keys

A tool containing a series of paired statements used to identify unknown organisms based on physical characteristics.

Natural Selection

The process whereby individuals with favorable traits survive and reproduce in a specific environment.

Artificial Selection

The intentional breeding of plants or animals by humans to develop desirable traits.

Mutation

A random change in DNA that introduces new genetic variations into a population.

Microevolution

Small-scale changes in allele frequencies within a population over time.

Macroevolution

Large-scale phenotypic changes or speciation events that occur over geological time.

Phylogenetic tree

Branching diagrams used to illustrate evolutionary relationships and shared common ancestors.

Photosynthesis

The process of converting light energy into chemical energy, represented by the equation: 6CO2 + 6H2O + light → C6H12O6 + 6O2.

Ecological Succession

The gradual process by which ecosystems change and develop over time, classified as primary or secondary.

Vascular Tissue

Plant tissues that facilitate the transport of water (Xylem) and sugars (Phloem).

Tropisms

Growth responses in plants to environmental stimuli, including Phototropism (light) and Gravitropism (gravity).

Reproduction in Angiosperms

The process involving flowers for reproduction, which includes pollination and seed development within fruits.