Grade 12 Organic Chemistry Terminology and Definitions
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Flashcards covering key terms and definitions in Organic Chemistry for Grade 12.
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44 Terms
Homologous Series
A group of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula and have the same functional group.
General Formula
A formula that can be used to determine the molecular formula of any member in a homologous series.
Alkane
Organic compounds containing only C-H and C-C single bonds, with the general formula CnH2n + 2.
Functional Group
A group of atoms or a bond that determines the chemical and physical properties of a molecule.
Molecular Formula
A chemical formula that indicates the type and number of atoms in a molecule.
Structural Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Hydrocarbon
Compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with only C-H and C-C single bonds, containing the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
Cycloalkanes
Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen with carbon atoms bonded in rings with single bonds only.
Alcohol
An organic compound in which hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced with hydroxyl groups (-OH groups).
Esterification
The process of forming an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure.
Melting Point
The temperature at which a solid changes to the liquid phase.
Viscosity
The resistance of a fluid to flow.
Vapour Pressure
The pressure at which the vapour of a substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid form.
Addition Reaction
A reaction in which atoms or groups of atoms are added to a molecule.
Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Elimination Reaction
A reaction in which elements of the starting material are lost and a multiple bond is formed.
Dehydration
The removal of water from a compound in a reaction.
Hydration
The addition of water to a compound.
Homologous Series
A group of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula and have the same functional group.
General Formula
A formula that can be used to determine the molecular formula of any member in a homologous series.
Alkane
Organic compounds containing only C-H and C-C single bonds, with the general formula CnH2n + 2.
Functional Group
A group of atoms or a bond that determines the chemical and physical properties of a molecule.
Molecular Formula
A chemical formula that indicates the type and number of atoms in a molecule.
Structural Isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae.
Hydrocarbon
Compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms only.
Saturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons with only C-H and C-C single bonds, containing the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon.
Unsaturated Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbons that contain carbon-carbon double or triple bonds.
Cycloalkanes
Organic compounds of carbon and hydrogen with carbon atoms bonded in rings with single bonds only.
Alcohol
An organic compound in which hydrogen atoms in an alkane have been replaced with hydroxyl groups (-OH groups).
Esterification
The process of forming an ester from a carboxylic acid and an alcohol.
Boiling Point
The temperature at which the vapour pressure of a liquid equals atmospheric pressure.
Melting Point
The temperature at which a solid changes to the liquid phase.
Viscosity
The resistance of a fluid to flow.
Vapour Pressure
The pressure at which the vapour of a substance is in dynamic equilibrium with its liquid or solid form.
Addition Reaction
A reaction in which atoms or groups of atoms are added to a molecule.
Substitution Reaction
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms in a molecule is replaced by another atom or group of atoms.
Elimination Reaction
A reaction in which elements of the starting material are lost and a multiple bond is formed.
Dehydration
The removal of water from a compound in a reaction.
Hydration
The addition of water to a compound.
Hydration Reaction
A chemical reaction in which water combines with a substance (e.g., the addition of water to an alkene to form an alcohol).
Dehydration Reaction
A chemical reaction resulting in the loss of a water molecule from a compound (e.g., converting an alcohol into an alkene).
