psychology myers 60-62 reading quiz.

How do psychologists define intelligence?

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

What is general intelligence (g)?

A concept proposed by Charles Spearman that underlies all mental abilities and is measured by every task on an intelligence test.

What is factor analysis?

A statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items on a test, used to identify different dimensions of performance.

What are Gardner's eight intelligences?

Naturalist, Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, Musical, Spatial, Bodily Kinesthetic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal.

What is savant syndrome?

A condition where a person with limited mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.

What are Robert Sternberg's three types of intelligence?

Analytical Intelligence, Creative Intelligence, Practical Intelligence.

What is grit in psychology?

Passion and perseverance in the pursuit of long-term goals.

What are the four components of emotional intelligence?

Perceiving emotions, Understanding emotions, Managing emotions, Using emotions to facilitate thinking.

What is an intelligence test?

A method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with others using numerical scores.

What is an achievement test?

A test designed to assess what a person has learned.

What is an aptitude test?

A test designed to predict a person's future performance.

Who was Francis Galton?

An English scientist who attempted to assess differences in intelligence and contributed statistical techniques.

What is mental age?

A measure of intelligence test performance associated with the typical performance of children at a certain chronological age.

What is the Stanford-Binet test?

The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test, adapted by Lewis Terman.

What is the intelligence quotient (IQ)?

Originally defined as the ratio of mental age to chronological age multiplied by 100.

What is the average IQ score?

The average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

What is the typical range for IQ scores?

Most scores fall between 85 to 115.

What did Alfred Binet aim to measure?

A child's mental age to assess their intellectual development.

What is the significance of Terman's work?

He promoted the widespread use of intelligence testing in the U.S.

What did Binet recommend for low-scoring children?

Mental orthopedics to help develop attention span and self-discipline.

What is the criticism of emotional intelligence?

Some scholars believe it stretches the concept of intelligence too far.

How do Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of intelligence differ?

Gardner identifies eight intelligences, while Sternberg focuses on three types.

What does practical intelligence involve?

Skills required for everyday tasks that may have multiple solutions.

What is creative intelligence?

The ability to adapt to new situations and generate novel ideas.

Who prompted the widespread use of intelligence testing?

Ternman

What did Ternman help the U.S. government develop?

New tests to evaluate people.

Who created the WAIS intelligence test?

Psychologist David Wechsler

What does WAIS stand for?

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale

How many subtests does the WAIS consist of?

15 subtests

What is the purpose of the WAIS?

To assess individual intelligence with verbal and performance subtests.

Does the WAIS yield an overall intelligence score?

No, it provides individual scores for certain categories.

What is standardization in testing?

Defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with a pretested group.

What does a normal curve represent in testing?

The distribution of many physical and psychological attributes.

What is the Flynn Effect?

A global increase in overall IQ scores.

What does reliability in testing refer to?

The extent to which a test yields consistent results.

What is validity in the context of testing?

The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

What is content validity?

The extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest.

What is predictive validity?

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict.

How does aging affect crystallized intelligence?

It tends to increase with age.

What is crystallized intelligence?

Accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

What is fluid intelligence?

The ability to reason speedily and abstractly.

How does aging affect fluid intelligence?

It tends to decrease with age.

What is a cohort in psychological studies?

A group of people sharing a common characteristic.

What is a cross-sectional study?

Research that compares people of different ages at the same point in time.

What is a longitudinal study?

Research that follows and retests the same people over time.

How stable are intelligence test scores over the lifespan?

They begin to predict future scores by age 4 and become more stable by age 11.

What is intellectual disability?

A condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below.

What is Down syndrome?

A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

What are the criteria for diagnosing intellectual disability?

An intelligence score in the bottom 3 percent and difficulty adapting to normal demands of independent living.

What can influence both intelligence and health?

Prenatal events or early childhood illnesses.

What is the impact of tracking in education?

It can promote segregation and prejudice.

What do critics of gifted education argue?

Children have differing gifts and should be placed in appropriate educational settings.

How do psychologists define intelligence?

Intelligence is a mental quality consisting of the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

What is the g factor in intelligence?

Charles Spearman proposed that we have one general intelligence (g), indicating that those who score high in one area typically score higher in other areas.

What did L. L. Thurstone propose about intelligence?

L. L. Thurstone identified seven different clusters of mental abilities, suggesting a multi-faceted view of intelligence.

How do Gardner's and Sternberg's theories of multiple intelligences differ?

Howard Gardner proposed eight independent intelligences, while Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory includes analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

What are the criticisms of Gardner's and Sternberg's theories?

Critics argue that success in various fields is a combination of talent and grit, not solely determined by intelligence.

What are the four components of emotional intelligence?

The four components are the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

What is an intelligence test?

An intelligence test assesses people's mental aptitudes and compares them with others using numerical scores.

How do achievement and aptitude tests differ?

Achievement tests assess what you have learned, while aptitude tests predict what you can learn.

What is the WAIS?

The WAIS (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale) is the most widely used intelligence test for adults.

When were intelligence tests created?

Intelligence tests were created in the late 1800s, with significant developments by Alfred Binet in 1904.

What was Binet's goal in developing intelligence tests?

Binet aimed to improve children's education and predict their progress in the school system.

What did Lewis Terman contribute to intelligence testing?

Lewis Terman revised Binet's work for use in the U.S. and believed intelligence is inherited.

What is a normal curve in testing?

A normal curve is a bell-shaped distribution of test scores around the central average score.

What is standardization in testing?

Standardization establishes a basis for meaningful score comparisons by testing a representative sample.

What is reliability in the context of tests?

Reliability is the extent to which a test yields consistent results.

What is validity in testing?

Validity is the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

How does aging affect fluid intelligence?

Fluid intelligence tends to decline in older adults due to slower neural processing.

How does aging affect crystallized intelligence?

Crystallized intelligence tends to increase with age.

What are cross-sectional studies?

Cross-sectional studies compare people of different ages at the same point in time.

What are longitudinal studies?

Longitudinal studies follow and retest the same cohort over a period of years.

Why is it important to know which study method was used?

Knowing the study method helps interpret the results accurately regarding age and life circumstances.

What is intelligence?

The ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

What is Spearman's 'g' general intelligence?

A single factor that underlies all cognitive abilities.

Why is Spearman's single intelligence score controversial?

It oversimplifies the complexity of human intelligence.

What is Savant Syndrome?

A condition where a person with a developmental disorder demonstrates profound and prodigious capacities in a specific area.

What disorder do many people with Savant Syndrome also have?

Autism Spectrum Disorder.

What are Gardner's 8 intelligences?

Linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal, and naturalistic.

What does Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of intelligence include?

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

What is social intelligence?

The ability to understand and manage social relationships.

What is emotional intelligence?

The ability to recognize, understand, and manage our own emotions and the emotions of others.

Do people with bigger brains have bigger smarts?

Not necessarily; intelligence is not solely determined by brain size.

What do brain scans of smart people reveal about efficiency?

They show more efficient neural processing.

What is Binet's Mental Age?

The age at which a child performs intellectually, regardless of chronological age.

If a child has a mental age of 10, what does that mean?

The child performs at the level of an average 10-year-old.

Did Binet believe that children are slow because of genes or environment?

He believed it was primarily due to environmental factors.

What is Terman's Stanford-Binet?

An adaptation of Binet's test that introduced the concept of IQ.

What does IQ represent today?

A measure of intelligence relative to the average performance of others.

What is the Flynn Effect?

The observed rise in IQ scores over time across generations.

What is reliability in testing?

The consistency of a test's results over time.

What is content validity?

The degree to which test items represent the content they are intended to measure.

What is predictive validity?

The extent to which a test predicts future performance.

What is intellectual disability?

A condition characterized by significant limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior.

What did intellectual disability used to be called?

Mental retardation.

What are people with extremely high intelligence usually called?

Gifted.

What does heritability of intelligence refer to?

The proportion of variation in intelligence that can be attributed to genetic factors.

What do twin studies show about the environmental contribution to IQ scores?

They indicate that both genetics and environment play significant roles in determining IQ.

What kinds of intelligences are girls better at?

Linguistic and interpersonal intelligences.

What kinds of intelligences are boys better at?

Logical-mathematical and spatial intelligences.