Science 7 Quarter 2

1. All living things are composed of cells, 2. Cells are the basic structure and function in living things, 3. All cells are produced from other cells

Three major hypotheses of CELL THEORY

prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells

Two distinct types of cells.

Prokaryote

organisms which do not contain nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They are unicellular

Eukaryote

organisms which contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles. They are either unicellular or multicellular.

Cell membrane

encloses and protects the contents of the cell

Nucleus

contains the cell’s genetic material, acts as control center

Chromosomes

bundled form of DNA strands

Deoxyribonucleic acid

DNA stands for ______.

Ribonucleic acid

RNA stands for ______.

Nucleolus

main function is to form ribosomes

Nuclear membrane

separates nucleus from the rest of the cell

Nuclear pores

act as doorways between nucleus and cytoplasm

Cytoplasm

semi fluid, gelatin like substance that surrounds organelles inside cell

Ribosomes

read instruction from messenger RNA to synthesize proteins

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

manufactures and packages proteins

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids

Vesicles

stores and transports substances within the cell

Golgi apparatus

modifies proteins and sends them to other parts of the cell

Mitochondria

act as power plant of the cell

Centrioles

plays a crucial role in cell division MITOSIS and location of nucleus

Lysosome

act as digestive and waste disposal system of the cell

Cytoskeleton

gives support and structure to the cell

Centrioles and lysosomes

organelles found in animal cell that are not present in plant cells

Cell wall and chloroplasts

organelles found in plant cell that are not present in animal cells

Central vacuole

term for the large vacuole in plant cells that functions as a storage tank for water and other molecules.

Chlorophyll

the pigment that gives plants their green color

Anthocyanin

pigment responsible for the colors, red, purple, and blue

Betalain

pigment that provide colors ranging from yellow to violet, used to replace anthocyanin

Carotenoids

pigments which exhibit yellow, orange, red and purple colors

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology, and made single lens microscopes, first to observe bacteria and protozoa.

Robert Hooke

discovered cells in the sense of a basic unit of organisms (describing the microscopic cavities in cork)

micros

latin term meaning small

skopein

latin term meaning to look

Microscopy

Science of investigating small objects using an instrument

Magnification

how much larger an object appears when viewed in eyepiece

Resolution

capacity of a microscope to distinguish finer details of an image

Magnifying glass

earliest microscope used way back in 100 AD

Hans and Zaccharias Janssen

who invented the first compound microscope in the late 1500s

Antoine van Leeuwenhoek

who is the father of microscopy, and created powerful lenses in 1660?

Robert Hooke

who discovered cells. He published “Microgaphia” in 1665?

Joseph Jackson Lister

who made a microscope that corrected image blurring and color separation in 1830?

Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann

who discovered animals and plants have cells, and published "Mikroskopie” in 1830?

Carl Zeiss

who recruited physicist Ernst Abbe to help him improve microscopes in 1846?

John Ware Stephenson

who gave the idea of an oil immersion lens in 1877?

Eyepiece tube or Body tube

separates the eyepiece lens from objective lens

Nosepiece

holds the low power and high power objective lenses; allows lenses to rotate for viewing

Objective lenses

high powered magnifying glass placed at the bottom near specimen.

Stage clips

part of microscope that holds the slide in place

Stage

part of microscope where slide is placed, supports the slide

Diaphragm

part of microscope that controls the amount of light passing through opening of stage

Mirror or Illuminator

part of microscope that is the light source, reflects light upward through diaphragm

Eyepiece or ocular lens

contains lens where the eye views the image formed by the objective lens

Arm

part of microscope that supports body tube

Coarse focus or Coarse adjustment knob

moves body tube focusing on low power objective lens

Fine focus or fine adjustment knob

moves body tube focusing on high power objective lens

Base

part that supports the whole microscope

Population

This level refers to the number of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at the same time.

birth rate, death rate, and migration of organisms

The increase or decrease is greatly affected by three factors namely:

Community

This level of life’s organization comprises all populations of organisms belonging to different species that are living together in a certain place at the same time. At this level, organisms belonging to different breeds may compete for food, water, shelter.

Ecosystem

community of living organisms interacting with the nonliving components of the environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.

Biosphere

highest level of life organization. It is the layer of the earth in which life is found. All communities on earth, air, land, and water, where life exists

Cell

basic structural unit of an organism; can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic

Tissue

groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

Organ

composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function

Organ system

consist of groups of organs that work together to perform a specific set of functions.

Organism

a living entity composed of various organ systems working together

Population

group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area.

Community

consists of all the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area

Ecosystem

includes both the living (biotic) and non

Biosphere

encompasses all of Earth's ecosystems and represents the zone of life on Earth