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All living things are composed of cells, 2. Cells are the basic structure and function in living things, 3. All cells are produced from other cells
Three major hypotheses of CELL THEORY
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
Two distinct types of cells.
Prokaryote
organisms which do not contain nucleus and other membrane bound organelles. They are unicellular
Eukaryote
organisms which contain nucleus and membrane bound organelles. They are either unicellular or multicellular.
Cell membrane
encloses and protects the contents of the cell
Nucleus
contains the cell’s genetic material, acts as control center
Chromosomes
bundled form of DNA strands
Deoxyribonucleic acid
DNA stands for ______.
Ribonucleic acid
RNA stands for ______.
Nucleolus
main function is to form ribosomes
Nuclear membrane
separates nucleus from the rest of the cell
Nuclear pores
act as doorways between nucleus and cytoplasm
Cytoplasm
semi fluid, gelatin like substance that surrounds organelles inside cell
Ribosomes
read instruction from messenger RNA to synthesize proteins
Rough endoplasmic reticulum
manufactures and packages proteins
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
synthesizes lipids, phospholipids, and steroids
Vesicles
stores and transports substances within the cell
Golgi apparatus
modifies proteins and sends them to other parts of the cell
Mitochondria
act as power plant of the cell
Centrioles
plays a crucial role in cell division MITOSIS and location of nucleus
Lysosome
act as digestive and waste disposal system of the cell
Cytoskeleton
gives support and structure to the cell
Centrioles and lysosomes
organelles found in animal cell that are not present in plant cells
Cell wall and chloroplasts
organelles found in plant cell that are not present in animal cells
Central vacuole
term for the large vacuole in plant cells that functions as a storage tank for water and other molecules.
Chlorophyll
the pigment that gives plants their green color
Anthocyanin
pigment responsible for the colors, red, purple, and blue
Betalain
pigment that provide colors ranging from yellow to violet, used to replace anthocyanin
Carotenoids
pigments which exhibit yellow, orange, red and purple colors
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology, and made single lens microscopes, first to observe bacteria and protozoa.
Robert Hooke
discovered cells in the sense of a basic unit of organisms (describing the microscopic cavities in cork)
micros
latin term meaning small
skopein
latin term meaning to look
Microscopy
Science of investigating small objects using an instrument
Magnification
how much larger an object appears when viewed in eyepiece
Resolution
capacity of a microscope to distinguish finer details of an image
Magnifying glass
earliest microscope used way back in 100 AD
Hans and Zaccharias Janssen
who invented the first compound microscope in the late 1500s
Antoine van Leeuwenhoek
who is the father of microscopy, and created powerful lenses in 1660?
Robert Hooke
who discovered cells. He published “Microgaphia” in 1665?
Joseph Jackson Lister
who made a microscope that corrected image blurring and color separation in 1830?
Mathias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann
who discovered animals and plants have cells, and published "Mikroskopie” in 1830?
Carl Zeiss
who recruited physicist Ernst Abbe to help him improve microscopes in 1846?
John Ware Stephenson
who gave the idea of an oil immersion lens in 1877?
Eyepiece tube or Body tube
separates the eyepiece lens from objective lens
Nosepiece
holds the low power and high power objective lenses; allows lenses to rotate for viewing
Objective lenses
high powered magnifying glass placed at the bottom near specimen.
Stage clips
part of microscope that holds the slide in place
Stage
part of microscope where slide is placed, supports the slide
Diaphragm
part of microscope that controls the amount of light passing through opening of stage
Mirror or Illuminator
part of microscope that is the light source, reflects light upward through diaphragm
Eyepiece or ocular lens
contains lens where the eye views the image formed by the objective lens
Arm
part of microscope that supports body tube
Coarse focus or Coarse adjustment knob
moves body tube focusing on low power objective lens
Fine focus or fine adjustment knob
moves body tube focusing on high power objective lens
Base
part that supports the whole microscope
Population
This level refers to the number of organisms of the same species living in a particular area at the same time.
birth rate, death rate, and migration of organisms
The increase or decrease is greatly affected by three factors namely:
Community
This level of life’s organization comprises all populations of organisms belonging to different species that are living together in a certain place at the same time. At this level, organisms belonging to different breeds may compete for food, water, shelter.
Ecosystem
community of living organisms interacting with the nonliving components of the environment, interacting as a system. These biotic and abiotic components are linked together through nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Biosphere
highest level of life organization. It is the layer of the earth in which life is found. All communities on earth, air, land, and water, where life exists
Cell
basic structural unit of an organism; can be either prokaryotic or eukaryotic
Tissue
groups of similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
Organ
composed of different types of tissues that work together to perform a particular function
Organ system
consist of groups of organs that work together to perform a specific set of functions.
Organism
a living entity composed of various organ systems working together
Population
group of individuals of the same species living in a particular geographic area.
Community
consists of all the populations of different species living and interacting in a particular area
Ecosystem
includes both the living (biotic) and non
Biosphere
encompasses all of Earth's ecosystems and represents the zone of life on Earth