Chapters 9, 10, and 11 (shaping, prompting, and chaining)

Shaping

modification of response topography through differential reinforcement of successive approximations to a target behavior

Successive approximations

incremental changes in the topography of a behavior that get closer to the target behavior

Prompt

a stimulus that increases the likelihood of proper responding

Stimulus prompt

a change in the stimulus or addition of another stimulus that makes the correct response more likely

Within-stimulus prompt

a type of stimulus prompt in which something is added/changed about the stimulus itself

Extra-stimulus prompt

a type of stimulus prompt in which another stimulus is added or the position of the stimulus is changed

Response prompt

a behavior by another person that increases the likelihood of responding

Model prompt

a prompt in which the teacher shows the learner how to complete the behavior

Verbal prompt

a prompt in which the teacher provides an instruction for how to complete the behavior

Physical prompt

a prompts in which the teacher completes the behavior with the learner using hand-over-hand guidance

Least-to-most prompting

a prompting hierarchy which starts with the least intrusive prompt

Most-to-least prompting

a prompting hierarchy which starts with the most intrusive prompt

Prompt dependence

a phenomenon in which an individual has a behavior in their repertoire but waits for a prompt before responding

Prompt fading

the process of gradually reducing the use of prompts for a specific behavior

Behavioral chain

a sequence of responses which are functional linked to the same terminal reinforcer

Task analysis

the process of breaking down a behavioral chain into its component parts, or the list of steps in a behavioral chain

Forward chaining

a chaining procedure in which instruction begins with the first step in the chain

Backward chaining

a chaining procedure in which instruction begins with the last step in the chain

Total task presentation

a chaining procedure in which the instruction occurs for the entire chain