Protestant Reformation/Scientific Revoluiton

Vocabulary flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on the globalization of Christianity and the development of modern science.

Protestant Reformation

A movement beginning in 1517, led by Martin Luther, addressing ecclesiastical abuses and challenging the authority of the Catholic Church.

Ninety-five Theses

A document authored by Martin Luther questioning the practices of the Roman Catholic Church, famously posted in 1517.

Catholic Counter-Reformation

The response initiated by the Catholic Church to the Protestant Reformation aiming to reform its practices and reaffirm its doctrines.

Council of Trent

A series of ecumenical councils (1545-1563) that clarified Catholic doctrine and addressed issues of corruption and the Protestant Reformation.

Printing press

An invention that significantly aided in spreading Reformation ideas rapidly across Europe.

Wahhabism

An Islamic reform movement founded in the mid-eighteenth century by Abd al-Wahhab aiming to restore fundamental monotheism and reduce saint veneration.

Bhakti movement

A devotional Hindu movement that emphasized love and devotion to God, appealing to a broad range of devotees, including women.

Sikhism

A religion that emerged in the Punjab region blending elements of Islam and Hinduism, founded by Guru Nanak.

Mughal Emperor Akbar

A ruler known for his efforts to blend religious traditions and create an elite cultural fusion in India.

Jesuits

A Catholic religious order known for missionary work and education, particularly in China and among elite circles.

Religious individualism

A concept stemming from the Protestant Reformation promoting personal interpretation of faith and skepticism toward traditional authority.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A scientist who proposed the heliocentric theory of the universe in 'On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres' (1543).

Scientific Revolution

A period in the 16th and 17th centuries during which scientific inquiry and thought changed traditional views of nature and the universe.

Sir Isaac Newton

An influential scientist known for formulating the laws of motion and universal gravitation.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition; associated with various political and scientific developments.

Adam Smith

An economist of the Enlightenment who formulated laws of economics and is known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations'.

Immanuel Kant

A philosopher who defined Enlightenment as the 'daring to know' and critically examined the role of reason in society.

Voltaire

An Enlightenment thinker known for criticizing organized religion and advocating for civil liberties.

Kaozheng

An intellectual movement in China emphasizing empirical evidence and research as a basis for knowledge.

Galileo Galilei

An astronomer who improved the telescope and made significant observations that supported Copernican theory.

Chinese education

Focused primarily on classical Confucian texts with little emphasis on scientific inquiry or independent institutions.

Renaissance Christian painting

Art influenced by the European Renaissance incorporated into the Mughal court under Akbar, blending different cultural influences.

Society of Jesus

Another name for the Jesuits, a Catholic religious order focused on education, missionary work, and the Counter-Reformation.

Religious syncretism

The mixing of different religious beliefs and practices, often seen in colonial contexts.

Thirty Years’ War

A major conflict in Europe (1618–1648) primarily between Catholics and Protestants that had significant religious and political implications.

Nicolas Copernicus

A mathematician and astronomer who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe, challenging geocentric views.

Enlightened religion

A belief system where scientific reasoning is blended with religious faith, exemplified by movements like the Quakers and Unitarians.

Mirabai

A prominent figure in the Bhakti movement, celebrated for her devotional poetry and disregard for caste distinctions.

Universal gravitation

Newton's theory explaining that every mass attracts every other mass in the universe, a foundational idea of modern physics.

Floating market

Markets set on water or canals where goods and commerce were conducted, particularly in Southeast Asia.

Voltaire

Famous Enlightenment writer who criticized religious dogma and advocated for tolerance and freedom of speech.

Modern science

A discipline characterized by systematic observation, experimentation, and the testing of hypotheses in understanding the natural world.