Kinesiology Concepts - Part I

Flashcards covering anatomical position, directional terms, osteokinematics vs. arthrokinematics, planes and axes, joints and DOF, arthrokinematic motions, convex-concave rules, joint congruency, kinematic chains, and functional movement from Kinesiology Concepts notes.

What is anatomical position and why is it used in descriptions of posture and movement?

A neutral body position used as a reference for describing posture and movement.

What do the directional terms Medial and Lateral mean?

Medial means toward the midline of the body; Lateral means away from the midline.

Proximal and Distal definitions?

Proximal means closer to the trunk or origin; Distal means farther from the trunk or origin.

Volar and Dorsal meanings in directional terms?

Volar refers to the palm (or sole) surface; Dorsal refers to the back of the hand (or top of the foot).

Anterior and Posterior definitions?

Anterior toward the front; Posterior toward the back.

Superior (Cranial) vs Inferior (Caudal) definitions?

Superior (cranial) toward the head; Inferior (caudal) toward the feet.

Superficial vs Deep definitions?

Superficial is closer to the surface; Deep is farther from the surface.

What is osteokinematic motion?

Bone movement around a joint axis; big, visible, voluntary movements.

What is arthrokinematic motion?

Motion between articulating joint surfaces; small, often involuntary motions.

List the major osteokinematic motions.

Flexion, Extension, Hyperextension, Abduction, Adduction, Horizontal Abduction, Horizontal Adduction, Internal Rotation, External Rotation, Protraction, Retraction, Elevation, Depression, Pronation, Supination, Radial Deviation, Ulnar Deviation, Lateral Flexion, Rotation, Plantarflexion, Dorsiflexion.

What are the planes of movement?

Frontal (coronal) plane, Sagittal plane, Transverse (horizontal) plane.

What are the axes of motion and their relation to planes?

Frontal axis runs medial-lateral and is perpendicular to the sagittal plane; Sagittal axis runs anterior-posterior and is perpendicular to the frontal plane; Vertical axis runs superior-inferior and is perpendicular to the transverse plane.

Degrees of Freedom (DOF) by joint type?

0DOF – Nonaxial (Plane/Gliding);

1DOF – Uniaxial (Hinge & Pivot)

2DOF – Biaxial (Condyloid & Saddle);

3DOF – Triaxial (Ball-and-Socket).

Nonaxial Joint (Plane/Gliding) is an example of what DOF?

0 DOF (Nonaxial) – Plane (Gliding) Joint.

Uniaxial joints and examples?

Hinge Joint (flexion/extension) and Pivot Joint (rotation).

Example: elbow (hinge), radioulnar joint (pivot).

Biaxial joints and examples?

Condyloid Joint and Saddle Joint.

Examples: MCP/knuckles (condyloid) and thumb CMC (saddle).

Triaxial joints and example?

Ball-and-Socket Joint (e.g., shoulder, hip).

Define Roll in arthrokinematic motion.

A series of points on one surface contact a series of points on the opposite surface (e.g., shoulder abduction).

Define Slide (Glide) in arthrokinematic motion.

A point on one surface contacts multiple points on the opposite surface (e.g., box sliding).

Define Spin in arthrokinematic motion.

A single point on one surface rotates on a single point on the other surface (e.g., a top spinning on a surface).

Convex-on-Concave rule for roll and slide?

Roll and Slide occur in opposite directions.

EX: humeral head on glenoid cavity

• the bone moving is convex

Concave-on-Convex rule for roll and slide?

Roll and Slide occur in the same direction.

Ex: proximal phalanx on head of metacarpal

• mobile portion is concave

What is Close Packed joint position?

Ligaments and capsule are tight; maximum contact between articulating surfaces (e.g., MCP flexed).

What is Open Packed (Resting) joint position?

Ligaments and parts of capsule are lax; joint surfaces do not fit perfectly; allows accessory motion; resting position.

What is a kinematic chain?

Several joints that unite successive segments to create a series of connected links that allow motion.

Open-chain movement definition?

Distal segment moves on a relatively fixed proximal segment.

Closed-chain movement definition?

Proximal segment moves on a relatively fixed distal segment.

Closed-chain characteristics?

• Increased joint compressive forces,

• increased joint stability,

• decreased shear forces,

• decreased acceleration forces,

• proprioceptor stimulation,

• co-contraction of muscles;

• usually involves multiple joints.

Open-chain characteristics?

• Helps develop muscular strength,

• increased acceleration forces,

• decreased resistance,

• increased distraction/rotational forces,

• promotes functional activity;

• often single-joint

• may have joint deformation risk.

How do trunk and scapular control relate to shoulder function?

Quality arm elevation and shoulder function depend on trunk and scapular control; lower-extremity and trunk activation typically precede arm motion.

Bench press vs push-ups in terms of chain type?

Bench press is an open-chain exercise; push-ups are a closed-chain exercise.

What is distraction in arthrokinematics?

Movement where joint surfaces separate; the opposite of compression.