Edwards Biology STAAR

Evolutionary Mechanisms

Mutation, migration (gene flow), genetic drift, and natural selection

Reactants

Elements and compounds on left side of chemical equation which enter a chemical reaction

Lipids

biomolecule composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen includes fats, oils, waxes and sterols important component of cell membranes

Gene Flow

the transfer of alleles of genes from one population to another

Carbon Cycle

the cyclic movement of carbon atoms between living things (organix carbon) and their environment (inorganic carbon)

hydrolysis

The process of splitting a compound into fragments with the addition of water a kind of reaction that is used to break down polymers into simpler units’ example starch into glucose.

Resource Base

amount of total available food, water, shelter, and space total amount of biotic and abiotic factors available for organisms

Common Ancestor

the most recent ancestral form or species from which two different species evolved

Meiosis

cell division creating sex cells with half the amount of DNA

independent Assortment

Mendel principle states different pairs of genes are passed to offspring separately to form new gene combinations

Sex Cells

Haploid cells created by meiosis gametes

Reproductive systems

The body system that allows an organism to reproduce including the production of gametes

Excretory System

the body systems which removes liquid waste major organs include kidney and skeletal

Organism

a living thing exhibits all 5 characteristics of life (ORGAN)

Adaptations

any alternation in the structure or function of an organism or any of its parts that results from natural selection and by which the organism becomes better fitted to survive and multiply in its environment.

Filament

stalk portion of stamen used to support anther

Predation

a relationship between two species where one species hunts (predator) and eats the other species (prey)

Cellular Respiration

Energy transfer changing big chemical energy of glucose into smaller chemical energy of ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

cell cycle

components include interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis

Mutualism

a relationship between two species where both species are helped

Enzyme

protein used to decrease energy required for chemical reaction

Anatomical Homologies

morphological (form or structure) or physiological (function) similarities between different species of plants or animals

Lymphatic system

the body system which helps fight infections major organs are lymph nodes and lymph vessels

Non-Mendelian inheritance

genetic inheritance pattern different from dominant hides recessive trait such as codominance, incomplete dominance

Archaea kingdom

prokaryotic kingdom of bacteria able to live in harsh environments which are hot, salty, or acidic

Nucleotide

A subunit (monomer) of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. Composed of sugar, phosphate, and nitrogenous base.

lysogenic infection

viral disease which remain dormant for a rime and causes no symptoms

homeostasis

The tendency of an organism or a cell to regulate its internal conditions, usually by a system

Biomes

areas with similar climate and conditions ex, bacteris, protists

Digestive System

The body system that breaks down food into nutrients and them absorbs them into the circulatory system

Ecological Pyramid

A graphic representation of the amount of biomass present in each trophic level of a food chain; producers are always on the bootom, then primary consumers then secondary consumers and so on

Photosynthesis

Energy transfer reaction changing light energy into chemical energy of glucose

condensation

A chemical reaction in which water or another simple substance is released by the combination of two or more molecules, aka dehydration synthesis.

Stamen

male part of flower divided into anther and filament

Phosphate Group

Component of DNA or RNA nucleotide

Biotic Factor

a living in an ecosystem example plant, animal. bacteria

Eukaryotic

Organism possessing a membrane-bound nucleus animals, plants, fungi, and protists

Developmental Homologies

Studying the embryological development of living things provides clues to the evolution of present day organism

Segregation

Mendel principle that gene pairs separate during meiosis so each parent passes down one form of gene to offspring.

Circulatory System

The body system that transports chemicals throughout the body, including oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hormones.

Mitosis

Part of the cell cycle division of the nucleus includes prophase metaphase, anaphase and telophase

Dominant

allele with genetic trait always expressed

Competition

a relationship between two species where they both require the same resources (food, water, shelter, space) and must compete for it

Punnett square

graphic organizer showing results of a genetic cross

Diversity

degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet

Integumentary system

The body system that provide protection and keeps the body from drying out

Natural Selection

The process by which forms of life having traits that better enable them to adapt to specific environmental pressures

Energy conversion organelles

Chloroplasts - only in plant cells, these organelles convert solar energy to chemical energy that the cell can use. Mitochondria - The energy center of the cell. Changes food energy into chemical energy the cell can use.

Virus

A submicroscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. It is non-cellular but consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.

Homozygous

Alleles with the same genetic information

Organic molecule

An organic compound always contains carbon; Examples: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Prokaryotic

Prokaryotic

an organism whose cell generally lacks a true nucleus examples: bacterial cells Eukaryotic

Plant Kingdom

Eukaryotic kingdom of autotrophic, multicellular stationary organisms which undergo photosynthesis

Transport in Plants

Vascular tissue in plants which transport food and water; also known as vascular bundle

Nucleic Acids

biomolecule made up of nucleotides; nucleotides contain a phosphate sugar and nitrogen base; examples include DNA and RNA

Food web

a combination of serval food chains within an ecosystem

Biogeography

the study of the geographical distribution of living things

Biogeography

the study of the geographical distribution of living things

Taxonomy

classify living organism into groups: Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

Fungi Kingdom

Eukaryotic Kingdom of heterotrophic decomposers with cell walls made of chitin

dehydration synthesis

A chemical reaction that builds up molecules by losing water molecules

Mutation

a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a genes which alters the amino acid sequence of the protein encoded by the gene

Stigma

top portion of pistil sticky to capture pollen

Biomolecules

Organic molecules which combine to form living organisms includes carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids.

Thylakoid

Photosynthesis membrane inside a chloroplast

Xylem

Vascular tissue in plants which conduct water to plant

Endocrine System

The body system that send messages within the body through the use of hormones

Cancer

uncontrolled cell division creates tumors and interferes with normal cell function

Inversion

changes in genetic code with nucleotides in opposite order

microorganisms

living things that can only be seen with microscope example bacteria, protists

Translocation

mutation resulting from movement of DNA from one chromosome to a different location on some chromosome

nervous system

the body system that sends and receives messages through electrical impulses.

parasitism

a relationship between two species where one species is helped and the other species is harmed

inherited variation

differences in genetic information down through

limiting factors

any factor that limits the size of a population by restricting its numbers, reproduction, or distribution

recessive

genetic trait which only expresses phenotype when in homozygous state hides when dominant allel is present

mitochondrial matrix

fluid inside mitochondrion site of cellular respiration

population

a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area and interbreed

influenza

viral disease caused by airbone transmission vaccines must be taken annually to lower probability of contacting the “flu”

biomes

area with similar climate and conditions example Bactris, protists

ribonucleic acid

single stranded nucleic acid made during transcription to provide template for making proteins at ribosome during translation

Cristea

folds inside which increase srface area for the chemical reaction inside mitochondrion site of cellular respiration

Body System Defense

immune system, integumentary system, skeletal system, endocrine system and nerevous system coordinate to defend an organism against pathogens

incomplete dominance

genetic inheritance pattern where phenotype of offspring are a blend between two separate parental phenotypes

carrying capacity

the maximum population a habitat can sustain

crossing over

exchange of DNA from separate chromosomes during meiosis

Mendelian inheritance

genetic inheritance pattern when dominant traits always make or hides phenotype of recessice trait

Heterozygous

alleles with different genetic information one dominant allele and one recessice allele

Protist kingdom

eukaryotic kingdom of mostly one celled organism divided into 3 groups animal like, plant like, and fungus like

Autotroph

an organism that can use photosynthesis to make its own food “self-feeding”

Trophic level

The position a species occupies in a food chain, for example producer, primary consumer, secondary consumer,

Ecological Pyramid

a graphic representation of the amount og biomass present in each trophic level pf a food chain producers are always on bottom, then primary consumers, then primary consumers, then secondary consumers, and so on

lytic infection

viral infection which immediately makes host sick by destroying cells

Monohybrid cross

Punnett square showing results of genetic cross of one trait

mutualism

a relationship between two species where both species are helped

gene

a unit of heredity a portion of DNA that codes for a trait

Body-system reproduction

the reproductive, nervous and endocrine systems coordinate an organisms reproduction

Autotroph

an organism that can use photosynthesis to make its own food “self-feeding”

Cell Complexity

eukaryotic cells are larger and more complex than prokaryotic cells

Reproduction in plants

includes production of pollen in stamen which is transferred to stigma of pistil