L4: ANCIENT CIVILIZATION

Persian Empire

name given to a series of dynasties centered in modern-day Iran that spanned

several centuries (6th century B.C. to 20th century A.D.)

Achaemenid Empire

Persian Empire was also called

Achaemenid Empire

• Alexander the great

___________was a global hub of culture, religion, science, art and technology for more than 200 years before it fell to the invading armies of __________

Cyrus the great

• Europe’s Balkan Peninsula (west)

• Indus Valley (east)

Persian Empire was found by ___________

became one of the largest empires in history, stretching from _________ in the West to India’s _________in the East.

semi-nomadic tribes

The Persian Empire started as a collection of _________ who raised sheep, goats and cattle on the Iranian plateau.

Persian Empire

Golden Chariot was invented in

Conquest of babylon

One of the triumphs of Cyrus is his _________.

• He was without opposition from the Babylonians as he was also known to spare anyone who yielded to him.

Cyrus the Great

• known to spare anyone who yielded to him.

Cyrus the Great

His reign was “benevolent” in nature as he involved

• Medes (conquered kingdom) in the government, a

• adapted the habits of dress and ornamentation from Elamites

• and he returned images of gods that had been seized in battle and hoarded in Babylon.

• he involved Medes (conquered kingdoms)

• adapated dress and ornamentation of Elamites

• returned images of gods after battle and hoard in Babylonia

why was the rule of Cyrus the Great BENEVOLENT in nature?

Cyrus Cylinder

Cyrus freed slaves and declared that all people had the right to choose their own religion and established racial equality. This declaration was recorded in the ___________

• Sulfuric Acid

• Qanat

• Backgammon

• Pahlavi Alphabet

• Postal Service

• Achaemenid Taxation

List down the Persian Technology

Abu Bakr al-Razi

a Persian astronomer, mathematician, and geographer, was the first to discover sulfuric

acid.

Qanat : Persia

A gently sloping underground channel that carries water from an aquifer or water well to houses

and fields. It is used for the irrigation of crops and for drinking water.

Backgammon : Persia

Was first invented in Iran in about 3000 BC. It is one of the oldest surviving board games. Excavations at Shahr-e Sukhteh in Iran found a board game with two dice and 60 checkers.

Pahlavi Alphabet

• advent of islam

________writing system of the Persian people dates from as early as the 2nd century BCE, some scholars believe, and was in use until the __________(7th century CE).

Postal Services : Persia

Riders and horse-drawn wagons carried mail that consisted mostly of governmental dispatches from one place to another.

Achaemenid taxation

Cyrus II and Cambyses,

• Darius I

_________important component of the Achaemenid state administration. Under ___________

subjects were mostly obliged to deliver only gifts, and regular taxes were first introduced under the rule of _________

Parthian battery ; Persia

A ceramic pot, a metal tube, and a rod of a different metal

were used to create the __________

Persepolis

• darius I the great

• 330 BCE

capital of the Persian Achaemenid Empire from the reign of __________) until its destruction in _____

Persian City

Greek Perses-polis means

Persepolis

The complex was comprised of nine structures:

The Apadana (hypostyle receiving hall), Trachara (Palace of Darius I), Council Hall, Treasury,

Throne Hall, Palace of Xerxes I, Harem of Xerxes I, Gate of All Nations, Tomb of the King

Apadana of Darius I

Relief Painting in Persepolis

• Greece + western coast of Turkey.

• Mediterranean + black Sea

Ancient Greek civilization was concentrated

in what is today _______and along the __________

• However, ancient Greek colonists established cities all around the _________ and along the coast of the __________

Greece

a landscape of mountains and sea.

• Land useful for farming is found in valley bottoms, hedged in by steep slopes, or on small islands, confined by water.

Archaic Greece

is known as the age in which the polis, or city- state, was invented.

Greek natural philosophers

• Mesopotamians and Egyptians

The origin of science is ascribed to _____________. They borrowed from, and built upon,

the work of _________and __________.

Greek Amphora

Classical period

• demokratia

• rule by the people

The _______ brought with it a series of political reforms that

created the system of Ancient Greek democracy known as ________ or

“_________”

Acropolis

A typical Greek city was built around a fortified hill, called an ____0_____. Located here is the city’s chief temple, the city’s treasury, and some other public buildings.

Agora

• Colonnades

________the central space in Acropolis where public meetings were held, and where traders set up

their stalls. it was often flanked by_________

Erectheion, Acropolis

Temple of Olympian Zeus, Athens Greece

Temple of Artemis , Turkey

Epidaurus Ampitheatre Greece

• Greece was an Open Society

• Rise of Naturalism

• Idea of Demonstration

3 Significant Factors that contributed ti the rise of SCIENCE and PHILOSOPHY

• intellectual freedom

• secondary to the pursuit of truth

• political freedom

GREECE WAS AN OPEN SOCIETY Philosophers enjoyed _________ and there was a tradition of critical discussion. Pupils were encouraged to question their teachers. Opinions and personal feelings were _________. Concomitant with intellectual freedom is _________.

Naturalism

__________ is the explanation and interpretation of phenomena in terms of natural law rather than the interdiction of supernatural forces or beings. The origin of naturalism appears to be uniquely Greek.

Idea of Demonstration

• Verbal Logic

_________________

• By developing mathematics from a set of empirical rules to an abstract science of demonstration, the Greeks found that it was possible to establish a method by which demonstrable

• The corollary to geometrical reasoning was ________-, the idea that there were correct ways of thinking and reasoning.

• Greekdemonstration, and especially Aristotelean logic, evolved into the modern scientific method.

Thales of Miletus

Developed the theory of matter based on water

Socrates

Emphasize the study of human nature in relation to society, established the theory of Skepticism

Empedocles

assumed that there are more than one kind of matter and postulated the four roots of Eart fire, air, water

Hippocrates

• known as the greatest physician of antiquity

• father of medicine

Hippocrates

He stated that disease have natural causes, and the body can repair itself

Archimedes

dicovered laws of the lever and pulley resulted to machines that can move loads,

Archimedes

He calculated the value of Pi

• exelled in geometery, calculus, theoretical mathematics, hydrostatics, discplacement

Aristotle

Father of Biology

Aristotle

classification of plants and animals and introduced a method of scientific thinking,

studied astronomy, physics, meteorology

Scara naturae of Great Chain of beings

• aristotle

___________ ________ was one of the first theory in biology by

• by _________

Democritus

Developed the atomic theory-

• matter was consisted of atoms

Pythagoras

mathematician, held that number were basic to matter: the phytagorean theorem

Plato

dealt with the nature of the universe; ascribe geometric forms composed of bounding planes to the elements of eart, fire, air and water based upon physical properties

Ptolemy

one of the greatest astronerms who found the GEOCENTRIC THEORY and wrote Almagest

Aristarchus

he discovered new theories about way the planets move in their orbits

Hipparchus

discovered length of month hich is only one second off from the lengths we used today

Eratosthenes

determined the circumference of earth was 28000 miles.\

only 3000 miles more than what e know today

Theopartus

Father of Plant Science. wrote history of plants.

he describe the forms and behaviors of, morphology and properties of 500 food and medicinal plants .

Most outstanding botanist

• watermill

• Cartography

• Communal Bath

• Astronomy

• Columns

List down the Greek Inventions

water mill: greek

A revolutionary invention, used for metal shaping, agri, milling

Cartography : Greek

the study and practice of making maps, played important role in travel and navigation

Communal Bath : greek

cold water only, to toughen skin.

Astonomy Greek

applied their skills in math to help describe the stars and planet

Columns

• Ionic

• Doric

• Corinthian

used to construct buildings with high roofs. the types are

• _______

• _______

• _______

Klepsydra ; greek

Created the concept of time. It is first used in courtrooms where the time of the

lawyers and the witnesses’ speeches could be known as soon as the water supply run out of

the vessel.

Klepsydra : greek

• Ancient Rome

• Italy

The term ______ refers to the city of Rome, which was located in central ____

• and also to the empire it came to rule, which covered the entire

  Mediterranean basin and much of western Europe.*

the seven hills of Rome

• Palatine,

• Aventine,

• Capitoline,

• Quirinal,

• Viminal

• Esquiline,

• Caelian.

Rome was built on seven hills, known as “____________”: _____(7)

Romulus, Remus

• non-hereditary

According to legends, Rome was built by twin sons of Mars, _______ and

_______. After killing Remus, Romulus became the first king of Rome,

which was named after him. A series of kings followed in a ________

succession.

Small Farmers

Ancient Roman society originated as a society of_______. It

grew more powerful and extensive that it became the most urbanized in the

ancient world.

Forum

The Roman city was built around a _____. This was an open space

surrounded by colonnades and public buildings. It functioned as a

marketplace, political meeting point and social center.

Agriculture

Roman economy was primarily based on ________ (grains, olives, grapes,

etc). Romans were also importing grains from overseas such as Egypt and

North Africa.

Roman arch

the foundation of Rome's architectural mastery and massive expanse of building projects across the ancient world. It allowed the Romans to make bigger buildings, longer roads, and better aqueducts.

Roman Arch

the ancestor of modern architecture

• cement

  • TUFF

_______This helped to build impeccable and lasting structures. The

Romans used to combine their cement with volcanic rock popularly known as

_____ enabling the resulting concrete to endure possible chemical decay.

PLINY THE ELDER ; rome

Described almost a thousand species of plants, most of which

were highly valued for their medicinal uses.

Newspaper ; Rome

• Acta Diurna = Daily events

• the first empire to establish a sophisticated system of circulating written news which it

published the _______which translates as “________-”

Julian Calendar; rome

Dating system established by Julius Caesar as a reform of the Roman republican

calendar.

Aqueduct : Rome

was a channel used to transport fresh water to highly populated areas.

Roman Numerals

Constituting one of the most popular numbering systems still in use today, the first use

of these numbers dates back somewhere between 900 and 800 BC.

Flavian Ampitheatre

the colosseum also called the ________________ was built in Rome under

the Flavian emperors of the Roman Empire.

Titus

When the Colosseum first opened, the emperor _______ celebrated with a

hundred days of gladiatorial games. Aside from the games, the Colosseum

also hosted dramas, reenactments, and even public executions.

Mesoamerican Civilization

• mexico, central america

are a complex of aboriginal cultures that developed in parts of ______and________

before the Spanish conquest in the 16th century.

Olmec Civilization

They lived along the Gulf Coast of Mexico, in the modern-day

Mexican states of Veracruz and Tabasco.

• hot and humid

The Gulf Coast was a __________ region covered with swamps and jungles, with many places covered with giant trees. It receives up to 100 inches of rainfall every year which caused rivers to swell that led to severe flooding.

Olmec Civilization

abundant deposits of salt and tar, fine clay for pottery, wood and

rubber. Hills provided hard stones for making tools and monuments. Rivers

provided a means of transportation and floodplains provide fertile lands for farming.

jaguar motif

Olmec art styles, especially the use of the___________, can be seen in the

pottery and sculpture of later peoples in the region. Future Mesoamerican

societies copied the Olmec pattern of urban design. They also left behind the

notions of planned ceremonial centers, ritual ball games, and an elite ruling

class.

Zapotec Civilization

By the time Olmec civilization had collapsed, another people—the Zapotec—

were developing an advanced society to the southwest, in what is now the

Mexican state of Oaxaca

Zapotec Civilization

left behind a hieroglyphic writing system and a calendar system based on the

movement of the sun. They are noted as the Americas’ first city

builders.

South america

While civilizations were emerging in Mesoamerica,

advanced societies were independently

developing in ________

Chavín de Huántar

The first influential civilization in South America arose in the

mountains. Archaeologists named the culture after a major ruin,

___________, in the northern highlands of Peru. This site

features pyramids, plazas, and massive earthen mounds.

Andes mountain

The early cultures of South America

arose in a difficult environment, the

rugged terrain of the _______

Nazca Culture

flourished along the southern coast of Peru, which is extremely dry.

Nazca

They are even more

famous, however, for an extraordinary but

puzzling set of creations known as the Nazca

Lines.

The Moche

________channeled streams flowing down from the

Andes into an extensive system of irrigation canals that

were used to grow corn (maize), beans, and other crops. This intensive agriculture

supported numerous urban centers.