BIOL 1000 😐🔫

Evolution

Evolution is the unifying themes of biology and explain the history and diversity of life on this planet

Nature of science

The study of signs involves the process of making observations, for my hypothesis, is in conducting experiments, in an attempt to understand the principles of life

Biological systems

From communities of organisms to individual cells, all life is connected from the smallest atom to the largest ecosystem

Biology

Is the scientific study of life. Life is structured on a size scale ranging from the molecular to the Global. Biology scope stretches across the enormous diversity of life on earth.

Properties of life

6 properties

Living things are organized and made of cells.

Living things required/acquired materials and energy.

Living things maintain homeostasis. Living things respond to their environment.

Living things grow develop and reproduce.

Living things have adaptations and evolve.

Defining life

All living things are comprised of the same chemical elements. I’ll be the same physical and chemical laws is nonliving elements. Unlike nonlife living things are complex and organized.

Cell

The smallest most basic unit of life. Cell→ tissue→organs→ organs systems→ one organisms

Life is organized

Life can be organizing a hierarchy of levels these levels of biological organization begin with Atoms, the basic unit of matter. Atoms combine to form small molecules which join to form larger molecules (macromolecules) within a cell, the smallest most basic unit of life.

Multicellular

Any living organisms are multicellular meaning they contain more than one cell. A multicellular organism similar cells made combine to form a tissue for example, the nerve and muscle tissues of animals. Tissues make up organs such as the brain or a leaf.

Biological organization

Levels of biological organization extend beyond the individual organism. Atom, molecule, organelle, so, tissue, Organ, organ system, organism, population, species, community, ecosystem, biomes in aquatic life systems, biosphere.

Atom

The basic unit of matter with specific properties and interactions.

Molecule

An integrated group of atoms with specific properties and interactions

Organelle

An integrated group of molecules that perform specific tasks for the cell in eukaryotes only

Cell

An integrated group of molecules and (in eukaryotes) organelles, the basic unit of life, that performs task at the ultimate direction of DNA. Living things are organized and made of cells. Three things all cells must have are: cell membrane, nuclear region with DNA, cytoplasm.

tissue

An integrated group of cells that perform a specific task for the Organ

Organ

An integrated group of tissues that perform a specific task for the organ system

Organ system

An integrated group of organs that perform a specific task for the organism

Organism

An integrated group of organ systems. An individual living thing.

Population

An integrated group of individuals of one species, all interacting with one another

Species

An integrated group of populations, integrated through their form, behavior and preferred living conditions, these are being a consequence of similar DNA and reproductive isolation from other species.

Community

An integrated group of all living organisms in an area, including many species and populations

Ecosystem

And integrate a group of all living organisms in an area plus the physical components that affect them.

Biomes and aquatic life systems

Integrated group of terrestrial ecosystems all existing within a particular region, and with a particular climate, an integrated group of marine or freshwater, ecosystems, all existing with any particular area of aquatic environment.

Biosphere

All of the Earth biomes, (terrestrial and aquatic)

Emergent properties

Each level of organization is more complex and has properties beyond proceeding level. Each new level of organization has emergent properties due to the interactions between different parts of the whole. Moving up the biological hierarchy, each level, acquire new emergent properties.

Unicellular

And unicellular organism has just a single cell with many complex organelles

Multicellular organism

A simple, multicellular organism, each cell has complex organelles.

Life has organized complexity

The organized and complex organs of the digestive system of this animal exhibit one of the properties of life

Life requires materials and energy

Energy is a capacity to do work work is usually some sort of form of movement. Examples of work are: mechanical movement, transportation of materials (into or out of cells, from one place to another), and chemical rearrangement. The Sun is the ultimate source of energy for nearly all life on the planet.

metabolism

Is the sum of all chemical reactions in a cell. Metabolism does work, uses energy and rearranges material like matter, atoms molecules, and provides the needs for the life of the cell. Metabolism in plants is photosynthesis; energy that comes from sunlight, materials come from simple chemicals, like carbon dioxide and water. Metabolism in animals is cellular respiration; both energy and materials come from food.

Energy flow and chemical cycling in ecosystems

The energy and chemical flow between organisms also defines how many ecosystem functions. Within an ecosystem, chemical cycling and energy flow begin when producer such as grass is taking solar energy, and inorganic nutrients to produce food by photosynthesis chemical cycling occurs as chemicals move from one population to another in a food chain until death and decomposition allows inorganic nutrients to return to the producers once again. Energy on the other hand, flows from the sun through plants and other members of the food chain as they feed on one another, the energy gradually dissipates and returned to the atmosphere is heat because energy does not cycle. Ecosystems could not stay in existence with our solar, energy and ability of photosynthetic organisms, to absorb it

Living organisms, maintain homeostasis

Homeostasis is the dynamic biological balance. For life to continue temperature in moisture level acidity in other physiological factors must remain within the tolerance range of the organism homeostasis is maintain by systems that monitor internal conditions, and make routine and necessary adjustments. Organisms have intricate feedback and control mechanisms that do not require any conscious activity.

Living things respond

In order to obtain materials in energy, avoid injuries and damage and maintain homeostasis living things must respond to the environment. Both the nonliving components: abiotic. In with the nonliving things: biotic. Both must absorb sunlight, find water, shelter, nutrients, etc. find an eat food avoid being eaten find meet with which to reproduce.

Growth, development and reproduction

Animals, multicellular organisms reproduction begins with the union of two cells called gametes (like sperm and egg) from different individuals. Reproduction produces a new individual living thing. From there it must grow and develop. When living organisms reproduce, their genes or genetic instructions are passed on to the next generation. All cells in multicellular organisms contain the same side of genes but only certain genes are turned on in each type of specialized cell. These differences are the result of mutations or inheritable changes in the genetic information. Mutation provides an important source of variation in the genetic information. Not all mutations are bad.

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Biodiversity

All of the variations of life forms within a species, and among species. Evolution accounts for this combination of unity and diversity.

Evolution

Includes the way in which populations of organisms change over the course of many generations to become more suited to their environment. All living organisms have the capacity to evolve, in the process of evolution, constantly reshapes every species on the planet, potentially providing away for organisms to persist, despite a changing environment.

Natural selection

During the process of natural selection, some aspect of the environment, selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation. The selective agent can be an abiotic agent( part of the physical environment such as altitude), or can be a biotic agent (part of the living environment such as deer). Mutations feel natural selection, because mutation introduces variations among the members of a population. New characteristics and traits arise to the process of DNA change called modification.

Two Basic types of cells.

Prokaryotic: which are cells that have no organelles, they contain cell wall and cell membrane. Eukaryotic: which are cells that have organelles including the nucleus.

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The diversity of life in three large groups

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. Both domain Bacteria and archaea may have evolved from the first common ancestor. Soon after life began. These two domains contain the prokaryotes. Would you like to membrane-bound found in the eukaryotes of domain Eukarya. Arteria organize their DNA differently than bacteria and their cell walls and memories are chemically more similar to eukaryotes than bacteria.

Taxonomy

Is the discipline of identifying and grouping organisms according to certain rules, taxonomy makes sense out of the bewildering variety of life on earth, and is meant to provide valuable insight into evolution.

Levels of taxonomy

From most inclusive is Domain, supergroup, kingdom, Phylum, class, order, family, genus, species. \*Supergroups only present in domain Eukarya. Species with one gene is share many specific characteristics and are the most closely related species placed in the same kingdom share only general characteristics with one another for example, all species in the genus Pisum look pretty much the same-that is like-pea plants- but species in the plant kingdom can be quite varied, as is evident when we compare grasses to trees.

Domain Archaea

Unicellular prokaryotes. Can live in extreme environments like: aquatic environments that lack oxygen or are too salty, too high or too acidic for most other organisms. Absorbs or chemo synthesizes food. Do you need chemical characteristics.

Domain Bacteria

Unicellular prokaryotes. Bacteria are variously adapted to living, almost anywhere in the water or soil in atmosphere, as well as on our skin and in our mouth and large intestine. Absorb photosynthesize or chemo synthesize food, prokaryotic cells are very shapes.

The Domain of Eukarya divided organisms into one of the four kingdoms

Both unicellular and multicellular. consist of:

K. Protista, K.Fungi, K. Plantae, K. Animalia

Kingdom Protista

Comprised of a very diverse group of organisms range for a single cell forms to a few multicellular one some are photosynthesizers, and some must acquire their food. Common protist include algae, the Protozoans and the water mold.

Kingdom fungi

Among the fungi are familiar molds in mushrooms, that along with bacteria, help decompose dead organisms. Mostly multicellular filaments specialized complex cells. Absorbs food.

Kingdom Plantae

Multicellular photosynthetic organisms usually with specialized tissues. Example plants include azaleas, zinnias, and pines.

Kingdom Animalia

Multicellular organisms that must ingest and process their food and contain specialized tissues, containing complex, cells. Animals like aardvarks jellyfish, zebras, sponges, worms in six faces, frogs turtles, birds, and mammals.

Inductive reasoning

Occurs whenever a person uses creative thinking to combine isolated facts into a cohesive whole. Scientist use inductive reasoning to formulate a possible explanation

Deductive reasoning

To determine how to test a hypothesis, a scientist uses deductive reasoning. Deductive reasoning involves, “if, then” logic.

What is biology

The scientific study of life

Properties of life

Life needs and uses matter and energy.

Life maintains homeostasis.

Life has organized complexity.

Life grows, reproduces.

Life evolves.

Life responds to the environment/stimuli.

Most of life properties are ______ because they arise from the interactions of the parts of the other system

Emergent properties

Which of these is most closely associated with ecosystems?

Energy flowing, chemical cycling

Which of these is most closely associated associated with evolution by natural selection?

Common ancestors, adaptations, changing Life forms overtime.

Scientific method

Observation, hypothesis, test

What is the simplest thing consider alive?

Cell

You belong to the kingdom Animalia. what are some characteristics common to all animals?

Eukaryotic. Multicellular with specialized tissue. Ingest food.

Adding more cells

Growth

Capacity to do work

Energy

Dynamic biological balance

Homeostasis

Producing a new living organism

Reproduction

In science, a hypothesis must be……

Falsifiable

What makes adaptation possible?

Natural selection

What allows scientists to think creatively about isolated facts and come up with a hypothesis?

inductive reasoning

What is a new disease called?

Emerging disease

Within domain eukaryote, there are six ______ that have been developed to explain evolutionarily relationships specifically among protist

Supergroups

CHAPTER 2

A scale used to describe the acidity or basicity of a solution

PH scale

______ are found in the atoms nucleus in a positively charged

Protons

________ are found in the atoms nucleus and do not have a charge

Neutrons

_______ Orbit around the atomic nucleus in shells

Electrons

Atoms of the same element that have different mass numbers are known as

Isotopes

Basic types of substances that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means. They have certain physical and chemical properties.

Elements

Chemical bonds formed by the attraction between polar molecules

Hydrogen bonds

Chemical bonds formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons between two atoms

Covalent bond

Chemical bonds formed from the complete transference of one or more electrons from one atom to the other, causing the atoms to be oppositely charged

Ionic bonds

How many electrons can the first shell hold maximum?

Two

How many electrons can the second and third shell hold maximum?

Eight

Substances form from two or more atoms bond together

Molecules

Substances formed from two or more different types of atoms, bonded together

Compounds

The smallest simplest most basic unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

atom

What are the parts of an atom?

Protons neutrons electrons

How to get atomic mass?

Add the number of protons and neutrons

How to get # of neutrons?

mass - #of protons

Electron valence shell

The number of electrons in an atoms outer shell

water has a high heat of evaporation due to which chemical property?

Hydrogen bonding

The main reason for putting a small amount of radioactive isotope in a sample to serve as a tracer is to…..

Detect molecular changes

The attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom in another molecule results in a……

Hydrogen bond

Which property of water is due to the attraction between molecules of water

Cohesion

A hydrogen ion that has gained an electron and will have a negative charge is….

Hydroxide ion

Ionization

The disassociation of water into hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions.

Property of water that allows it to cling to other polar surfaces is called

Adhesion

Adding what to water will increase the concentration of H+

Acid

Anything that takes up space and has mass is called

Matter

What does atomic number represent

The sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus

True or false: the hydrogen bonding in water explains its high heat of evaporation. Which of the following is most directly responsible for water having a high heat capacity?

True. Hydrogen bonding.

Polar covalent bond

Bond in which electrons between atoms are unequally shared. Example H2O.

Non-polar covalent bonds

Bond in which electrons between atoms are equally shared example CH4 ( methane).

Which type of bond breaks when a DNA molecule unzips when DNA is being copied

Hydrogen bond