Protestant Reformation and Gunpowder Empires - Review - Unit 3

Policies of the Qing Dynasty against the Han

Banning Han Chinese from…

* Intermarriage
* Speaking Manchu

Effects of the Crusades

* Contact with foreign civilizations (Like Islamic\*)
* Scholasticism

Europe interacted with which empires the most

Byzantine + Islamic

What did the Byzantines and Islamic Empires both do?

* Preserve heritage of Ancient Greece + Rome
* Contribute to ancient txts (math + science)

Occurrences AFTER the Black Death

* People move to cities
* Higher demand for goods + services
* Middle class
* Influx of money

Humanism (Renaissance)

Focus on human achievements

Cause and beliefs of Humanism

Rediscovering of ancient texts that focused on personal joy and accomplishment

Focusing on the present over the afterlife

Effect of humanism on the Church

Decrease in authority of institutions

Italian city-states rich in trade and art during the Renaissance

* Florence
* Milan
* Venice

Medici Family

Ruled Florence

Patron to Michelangelo and Burnelleschi

Changes in painting and statues from the Renaissance and famous artists who did them

Began doing art of humans more realistically. Would do autopsies to further understanding

* Leonardo da Vinci
* Donatello

Johannes Gutenberg

Invented printing press

Significance of Latin

Language used by scholars and the Church, hence common people couldn’t read- later demanding vernacular translations. Same language as the Bible (meaning people had to rely on the Church)

Vernacular

Native languages

Effects of printing press

* More literate + educated people
* Book demand and industries continues to increase
* Translations of the Bible brings debate and personal interpretations -> Protestant Reformation

Protestant Reformation

Schisms of the Catholic Church

* Anglican
* Calvinism
* Lutheran

Why was there anti-Church sentiment?

* Peasants saw the Church to be corrupt (sold indulgences)
* Landowning nobles hated their large amount of wealth, exploitation, and power

Indulgences

Paper that says to reduce time in purgatory (Hell technically) and allow them to reach Heaven faster.

Sold by the Church to fund/pay artists + build projects

What did the Catholic Church do?

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* Sold indulgences
* Unified W. Europe
* Control the royals for the ability to bless their reigns

Lutheran

By Martin Luther

That salvation is given by God and no one else. Gain it through asking forgiveness of sins

Actions of Marten Luther

* Wrote 95 Theses (Outlined Church’s corruption)
* Translated the Bible to German

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Pope Leo X

Excommunicates Martin Luther

Calvinism

By John Calvin of France

Predestination, that people are already chosen to be saved or damned by God

Elect

Calvinism term, the group of people God saves/preaches

Huguenots

French Calvinists

John Knox

Spreads Calvinism in Scotland

Anglicanism

By King Henry VIII

England’s own religion since the Church wouldn’t let him divorce Catherine of Aragon for not birthing sons…

Counter Reformation

Led by Spain

Church attempts to prevent Protestant religions spreading

Reforms of the Counter Reformation

* Rule of Pope brought back
* Ban indulgences
* Strict priest trainings
* Mandatory weekly masses
* Consult bishops + parishes

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Jesuits

Jesuits

Group that restored faith of the Church back into others

What did the Jesuits do/believe (3)?

* Self control and moderation
* Prayer + good works = Brings salvation
* Gained high palace positions for strict training and high expectations for the clergy’s morals

Council of Trent

Led the reformation and controlled the Church’s interpretation, bringing it back to power. Latin is reinstated

(Is modern-day Catholicism)

Counter Reformation’s effect:

Blocked Southern Europe (Italy, Spain, France, N. Germany, Portugal) from Protestant religions- hence Catholic

Northern Europe stays Protestant

Nicolaus Copernicus

Theory of the solar system and that Earth rotates on its axis

Wrote Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres

Ptolemy

Theory that the everything revolves around Earth \[PROVEN FALSE\]

Galileo

Proved Earth rotated on a axis and revolved around the sun

Write Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief Systems of the World (got into Index)

Index

Church’s banned list of heretic books

Scientific Revolution

Beginning the use of the scientific method to prove ideas (from scholasticism). Must gather LOTS of DATA to prove a conclusion

NOTE: All the scientists are from the Scientific Revolution

Newton, Copernicus… all contributed

Johannes Kepler

Laws of planetary motion

Issac Newton

Gravity + calculus

Francis Bacon

Inductive logic, main scientific method guy?

Effects of the Scientific Revolution

* Aristotle
* More atheists
* More deists (god is a non-interfering watcher)

Peace of Augsburg

Ends the conflict of Counter Reformation vs Protestant Reformation, fell apart

30 Years War

Protestants vs the Holy Roman Catholic emperor (Germany)

Peace of Westphalia

Treaty to end the 30 Years War, giving independence to Germany

Effects of the 30 Years War

* France becomes the most powerful, though weakened by War of Spanish Succession
* Prussia arises taking control of Poland and creating Germany

Russia is conquered by

Batu and the Golden Horde + Crimean Tartars

Ivan III

Czar that defeated the Mongols

Ivan the Terrible/IV

Expanded Russia to the east (gave serfs freedom to settle there), and used secret police for absolute rule

Cossacks

Peasant soldier force that expanded Russia to the east

Time of Troubles

Boyars fighting over the throne after Ivan IV’s death (no heir)

Michael Romanov

Elected and began the Romanov Dynasty, ending the Time of Troubles, expanding the empire with forced labor

Peter the Great

Westernizes Russia

* Navy
* St Petersburg
* Dressing in Western fashion + shaving beards

Catherine the Great

Repressed serfs and growth of merchant class

What was the culture like in Russia?

Isolated from the west, had no “rebirth golden ages” like the Renaissance

Why were the Russians able to be westernized?

Black and Baltic Seas and wanted interaction

Songhai

Ruled by Sunni Ali, created Timbuktu, traded for salt and gold w Trans-Sahara

Collapsed to the Moroccans (muskets)

Asanti

Withstood invasions, gold trade

Kongo

King Alfonso I and kingdom converted to Catholicism, allied with Portugal for slave trade

Then destroyed by the Portuguese

Angola/Ndongo

Portugal established trading post- attempted to achieve freedom under Ana Nzinga + Dutch but failed

Osman Bey

Founder of the Ottoman Empire

Mehmed II

Conquered Constantinople (1453)

* Turns Hagia Sophia into mosque
* Becomes Istanbul (Islamic center)

How did the Ottomans run their empire? (Policies)

* Timars controlled territories
* Religiously tolerant

Suleiman I/The Magnificent

Ushers in Golden Age

Attempts to take over the Holy Roman Empire, but defeated at Vienna

Devshirme

System enslaving **Christian** boys into becoming soldiers or officials

Babur

Founder of the Mughal empire, invading the Delhi Sultanate

Akbar

Religiously tolerant and fair to BOTH Hindus and Muslims

* Ended jizya and sati

Zamindars

Tax collectors of the Mughal Empire, becoming corrupt

Aurangzeb

Ended religious toleration in the Mughal Empire

Persecutes against Hindus

Weakens the empire with conflict and debt

Ming Dynasty

Defeated the Yuan Dynasty, re-implementing Confucianism values and civil service exam- only traded with Spain for silver to replace paper money

Kangxi

Expand Qing Dynasty to Mongolia, Tibet, Central Asia

Qianlong

Expands Qing Dynasty to Burma, Nepal, Vietnam

Japan’s previous interactions with Europe

* Jesuits take over Nagasaki
* Portugal spreads guns and Christianity

Tokugawa Shogunate

* Decreasing power of the emperor and daimyo


* Establishes shogun as prime ruler
* Strict social classes- no social mobility

Traits of Japanese culture (4)

* Kabuki theatre
* Haiku
* Buddhism (spread to Japan)
* Shinto

Tokugawa Ieyasu

Begin the Tokugawa Shogunate, centralizing Japan away from the decentralization of feudal lords

Tokugawa Shogunate’s Policies (3)

* National Seclusion Policy (No foreign travel)
* New capital of Edo
* Persecuted Christians

Qing Dynasty’s restrictions on Europeans

* Banning Christianity
* Granted trading rights ONLY to Canton

How did the Ming Dynasty collapse?

Silver inflation, famine, revolts

Defeated by the Qing Dynasty