Motor Development Final Exam

Body management skills

Skills used to control the body in a variety of situations

Body management Skills

What skills require an integration of agility, coordination, balance, and flexibility

True

True or false? Without competence in body management, the safe Implementation and development of the other fundamental movement skills become difficult

Locomotor skills

Movements that transport an individual through space from one place to another

Locomotor skill

Runnning, hopping, jumping, and leaping are all examples of what fundamental movement skill?

Object control skills

This skill has no appreciable movement from place to place. This is a motor skill that involves the control of objects primarily with hands and feet.

Fundamental motor skills

Common motor actives that have specific observable patterns

Fundamental motor skills

Most skills used in sports and movement activities are advanced versions of what skills?

Motor competence

fundamental motor skills are the building blocks to advanced movement skills and sports games which leads to _____ ________

False, this is a misconception

True or false? Children “naturally” learn fundamental motor skills

Motor competence

Low ______ ________ overtime will drive low activity levels

Motor competence

High _____ ______ will drive greater levels of physical activity and higher perceived motor competence.

Lower limb strength

[balance]

[motor control]

As children acquire increased ____ _____ ______, improved _______, and, finally, improved [_____ ________ ], their running pattern looks more adult

Hopping

_______ is a form of jumping in which the propelling force is generated in one leg and the landing is accomplished on the same leg. 

Gallop

The two basic fundamental motor patterns that make up the ______ are (1) a forward step, followed by (2) a leap onto the trailing foot.

Sliding

_______ is an extremely important motor skill for children to acquire because it is used in many types of sporting activities.

Skip

The ______ consists of a forward step followed by a hop on the same foot (an uneven rhythmical pattern). In addition, the leading leg alternates. This skill requires that both motor tasks (step and hop) be accomplished on the same foot before the body’s weight is transferred onto the other foot. 

Throwing

The _______ motion is also part of the patterns of sports skills such the tennis serve, the overhead clear in badminton and spiking in volleyball (Butterfield & Loovis, 1993; East & Hensley, 1985).

Catching

The “Proximodistal” law of developmental direction is relevant to the emergence of _______ behaviors.

Kick

In order to be able to [  _____ ]  children need to possess eye-foot coordination, balance, and perceptual motor abilities.

Punting

________ is more complex a skill than kicking in that the player must drop the ball to his or her foot in order to punt it.

False

Is the following statement true or false? Children naturally learn fundamental movement skills.

Serve as the building blocks for efficient, effective movement and offer children ways to explore their environments and gain knowledge about the world around them.

Why is the development of fundamental movement skills (FMS) essential for achieving proficiency in various sports, games, and cultural dances? Please explain briefly."

How children feel about how good they are at motor skills

What is perceived motor competence?

False

Most skills used in sports and movement activities are advanced versions of specialized motor skills which are proficient fundamental movement patterns that have been refined and combined to form sport skills and other specific and complex movement skills. 

Abbreviated form of the critical features of a task that the learner can use to establish an accurate motor plan a is critical cue  and it should be measurable.

Abbreviated form of the critical features of a task that the learner can use to establish an accurate motor plan is a critical cue and it should be measurable.

False

True or false.

An example of critical elements for hopping is “Taking off with both feet and landing on both feet”

True

True or false?

An example of critical elements for skipping is “Step-Hop” 

False

True or false? Galloping is similar to skipping and progression is made in forward direction and it is a very important motor skill as it is used in many sports

False

True or false?

According to the Developmental Trajectory Model (Stodden et al., 2008), a negative spiral of development in the Developmental Trajectory Model is driven by high motor competence but negative perceptions of motor competence. 

True

True or false?

According to the Developmental Trajectory Model (Stodden et al., 2008), in early childhood, children’s perceptions of their motor competence are overly high as they are not accurate in evaluating their perceived motor competence. 

True

True or false?

Unlike the gallop and the slide, skipping requires that both motor tasks (step and hop) be accomplished on the same foot before the body’s weight is transferred onto the other foot.

False

True or false?

The reading material entitled "fundamental object control skills of childhood" mentioned that the kind of catch performed is dependent on the individual and environmental demands such as the height, size of hands and velocity of the ball in the air, the shape and size of the ball, and trajectory of the ball.

True

True or false?

The “proximodistal” law of developmental direction is relevant to the emergence of catching behaviors. This law states that children learn to gain control of their body from the midline out to their hands. The law is seen in action in the development of catching behaviors as children first learn to catch by trapping the ball to their chest, then they become able to catch a tossed ball to their chest with their hands, and finally can catch a moving ball in the air

False

True or false?

Dynamic systems theory says that movement is a dynamic process and constraints from the individual, environment, and motivation constrain the performance of skills.

B. Stationary dribbling

Which of the following is a specialized movement skill used in basketball?

A. Corner kick

B. Stationary dribbling

C. Bunting

D. Place kicking

A – Receiving a jump ball

Rebounding in basketball is most closely associated with:

A. Receiving a jump ball

B. Passing to a teammate

C. Rolling on the ground

D. Kicking for distance

A – Basketball movement skills

Which skill requires compensation for rapid changes in direction, speed, and level of movement?

A. Basketball movement skills

B. Baseball pitching

C. Soccer goalkeeping

D. Football tackling

B. Football

The forward pass is a skill most commonly associated with:

A. Soccer

B. Football

C. Basketball

D. Baseball

Specialized Movement Skills 

______ _________ skills are Proficient fundamental skills that have been further refined and combined to form sports skills and other specific and complex movement skills

Transition stage

What stage is the First attempts to refine and combine fundamental skills?

Application stage

What stage uses regular attempts to refine & apply specialized skills 

Lifelong utilization stage

What stages uses self-selection for participation in activities?

Guarding a person who is dribbling

n basketball, the locomotor skill of sliding serves as a foundational skill for the specialized movement skill of:

 

Rebounding

 

Feinting with the ball

 

Pivoting

 

Guarding a person who is dribbling

 

Chest pass

Punting

In football, the manipulative skill of kicking serves as a foundational skill for the specialized movement skill of:

 

Dodging a tackle

 

Punting

 

Centering

 

Tackling

 

Blocking

Bunting

In softball/baseball, the manipulative skill of striking serves as a foundational skill for the specialized movement skill of:

 

Fielding a fly ball

 

Overhand throw for accuracy

 

Bunting

 

Overhand throw for distance

 

Base running

 Dodging an opponent

In soccer, the stability skill area of axial movements serves as a foundational skill for the specialized movement skill of:

 

Inside of foot kick

 

Instep kick

 

Outside of foot kick

 

Sole trap

 

Dodging an opponent

Kicking

The specialized movement skill of fielding a ground ball in softball/baseball is likely to utilize all of the following fundamental movement skills, except:

 

Catching

 

Running

 

Kicking

 

Sliding

 

Bending

Jumping 

The specialized movement skill of performing a heading in soccer utilizes which of the following fundamental movement skills?

 

Galloping

 

Jumping

 

Sliding

 

Hopping

Leaping

The specialized movement skill of performing a lay-up in basketball utilizes which of the following fundamental movement skills?

 

Hopping

 

Galloping

 

Leaping

 

Kicking

 

Catching

Poorly coordinated movements have generally disappeared

The “beginning/novice level” of learning a new movement skill is characterized by all of the following, except:

 

Performance is poor

 

Poorly coordinated movements have generally disappeared

 

The performer is unable to screen out the relevant from the irrelevant information

 

Close attention is paid to the details of the task

 

Early onset of fatigue is due more to the mental requirements of the task rather than the task itself

The mental image of the skill is highly developed and little attention need to be given to the cognitive aspects of the task

The “intermediate/practice level” of learning a new movement skill is characterized by all of the following, except:

 

The individual gains a “feel” for the skill as kinesthetic sensitivity increases

 

Conscious attention to the skill details diminishes

 

The mental image of the skill is highly developed and little attention need to be given to the cognitive aspects of the task

 

The performer comprehends the general idea of the skill

 

Practice should emphasize skill refinement and maximize feedback

 People tend to learn at the same rate.

Which of the following statements is not true when teaching movement skills to a group of individuals?

 

Each person’s potential for performance excellence is unique.

 

Responses to winning and losing vary among individuals.

 

People tend to learn at the same rate.

 

Strengths in some areas can compensate for deficiencies in other areas.

 

Experiences vary among individuals.

Encourage the learners not to use any cues as the skill develops

When teaching a new skill, the instructor will find it beneficial to do all of the following, except:

 

Establish a practice environment consistent with the nature of the skill

 

Identify the type of skill

 

Encourage the learners not to use any cues as the skill develops

 

Encourage the learner to think through the activity in the early stages of learning

 

Strive for greater consistency, duplication, and elimination of environmental influences for internally paced activities as a skill develops

False

A performance related motor skill” is a skill which is performed in an unstable environment, where the start point is determined by the environment.

False

A consistent motor skill” is a skill which is performed in a stationary environment, where the performer chooses when to start the skill.

True

True or false? When Identifying the type of skill when teaching a movement you have to determine whether it is:

• open or closed skill (externally  or internally paced)

• gross or fine

• discrete, serial, or continuous 

• stability, locomotor, mor manipulative

Beginning (Novice level) skill

These Teaching Cues are used for what level of learners?

• Promote cognitive awareness with visual demonstrations of the skill

• be brief and introduce only major aspects of the skill

• provide plenty of opportunity for exploration and self discovery of the general elements of the skill 

• provide immediate, precise and positive feedback focused on general aspects of the skill 

Intermediate (practice level) skill

These Teaching Cues are used for what level of learners?

• Provide plenty of opportunities for practice & skill refinement in a supportive, nonthreatening environment

• provide short, fast-paced practice sessions with frequent breaks before implementing longer sessions with fewer breaks

• Helps the learner self-analyze the task and then provide constructive feedback

• Focus attention on the whole skill whenever possible 

Advanced (Fine-tuning level) skill

These teaching cues are used for what level of learners?

• Structure practice sessions that promote intensity and enthusiasm 

• be available to provide encouragement, motivation, and positive support

• Offer suggestions and tips on strategy 

• Help learner anticipate her or his actions in game-like situations

False

There is a trend toward earlier participation regarding youth sports. In the past, growth and development specialists encouraged that children as young as 4 or 5 years of age were participating in individual activities such as swimming and running. It helps young children promote physical activity and motor skills. 

 

True

 

False

False

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of individuals with disabilities who actively participate in sports. This increase is directly linked to an increase in parental involvement and physical educators' supports (e.g., creative teaching method and approach). 

 

True

 

False

False

About 35 percent of the millions of young people who participate in a youth sport will withdraw from the program within any given year. Contrary to popular belief, children do not drop out of sports because of excessive stress. Most sport dropouts occur because of school works or to pursue other leisure activities (sports). 

 

True

 

False

False

Little League elbow” refers to a class of overuse injuries that result from repeated forces being applied to the medial and lateral structures of the elbow. In an attempt to protect young athletes from this medical condition, youth sport administrators have changed and modified baseball’s rules. For example, some leagues allow the pitcher to throw a curveball or slowball.  

True

False

False

When sport participation is not fun, there is a greater tendency for young people to drop out. When children in grades 1 through 6 who had dropped out of a sport were asked what changes would need to be made before they would reenter the sport, both the girls and the boys ranked as most important the need to “make practices more fun” 

True

False

True

If young athletes have been properly conditioned and there are change rules to create a safe environment and match competitors according to body size and weight youth sport injuries can be avoided.

True

False

False

Of the approximately 3.5 million coaches in the United States, about 2.5 million are volunteers. Furthermore, as many as 75 percent of these volunteers have the necessary formal preparation to coach effectively. The research found more involvements of female coach now. 

True

False

False

The way to instill self-confidence and, thus, reduce stress is through skill training. Youth sport personnel, particularly coaches, could spend more practice time scrimmaging and less time teaching motor skills because children get easily bored if they only practice basic skills and scrimmaging is more fun.  In addition, coaches  can reduce young athletes’ self-imposed stress by helping them provide rewards.

True

False

False

Most youth sport coaches are in a program because they have a son or daughter involved in the same program. Most of these coaches do have the appropriate training to foster an optimal youth sport experience.

 

True

 

False

False

Researchers consistently find that children and young adults participate for extrinsic reasons (e.g., to win trophies, to be recognized) instead of intrinsic reasons (e.g., fun, to improve skills). 

True

False

False

Some reasons to assess are to 1) determine whether they should be referred for further testing or whether they need a special intervention or program of instruction 2) determine how well participants are proceeding toward the objectives, 3) check whether a specific program of instruction is fostering motor skill or physical fitness development and 4) plan the budget and hiring staff members. 

FTrue

False

False

Criterion-referenced (CR) assessment instruments are basically quantitative evaluations designed to compare a person’s skills and abilities with those of others from similar age, gender, and socioeconomic groups and Norm-referenced (NR) assessment instruments evaluate the “quality” of a person’s performance. 

 

True

 

False

True

Norm-referenced tests are popular because most (but not all) are easy to administer and results from CR assessment instruments lend more insight into programming considerations than do results from NR tests. 

 

True

 

False

False

Total Body Approach, assessment technique, has evolved from identification of developmental sequences for selected skills. Each developmental sequence consists of three to five stages, stated in terms of observable behaviors. Total Body Approach requires the identification of developmental characteristics of body parts in the performance of a selected task. 

True

False

False

Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) is a valid and reliable measure of motor milestones in the reflexive, voluntary (e.g., crawling, creeping) and FMS phases of motor development. In addition, it provides process-oriented data on FMS with reliability on subtest and composite scores (in spite of norm-referenced test). 

 

True

 

False

False

The Test of Gross Motor Development-3 (TGMD-3) represents a major revision to this assessment instrument, which was first released in 1985 (Ulrich, 2019). The primary purpose of this criterion-referenced instrument is to identify children between the ages of 5 years and 12 years of age who may be lagging significantly behind their peers in the development of gross motor skills. The test assesses 12 motor skills, which are divided into two subtests.

 

 

True

 

False

Product-oriented test

When you count the number of times a child hits a target when throwing a ball, this is an example of a:

 

Reliability test

 

Process-oriented test

 

Product-oriented test

 

Criterion-referenced test

Criterion referenced test

Checking to see if a child steps with opposition in throwing is an example of a:

 

Qualitative test

 

Norm referenced test

 

Reliability test

 

Criterion referenced test

 

Product-oriented test

Norm-referenced test

When you compare children to other children of the same age and gender, this is an example of a:

 

Norm-referenced test

 

Criterion-referenced test

 

Process-oriented test

 

Product-oriented tes

Product-oriented test

When you count the number of times a child hits a target when kicking a ball, this is an example of a:

 

Reliability test

 

Process-oriented test

 

Product-oriented test

 

Criterion referenced test

False

The assessment technique "Developmental Sequence of Motor Skills Inventory" has evolved from the idea that because development occurs at different times for different body components, assessment of motor behavior should involve a segmental approach. Each developmental sequence consists of three to five stages, stated in terms of observable behaviors.

True

False

False

Product-oriented assessments are similar to norm-referenced (NR) assessment because both measure quantitative performance outcomes.

 

True

 

False