History Final

What led to the Ottoman military decline of the nineteenth century?

its strategy and tactics, humiliating defeats by its enemies, ignorance in new weapons technologies

The most significant indication of the decline of Ottoman foreign influence in the nineteenth century was

the empire's loss of control of Egypt

The Ottoman military had declined by the nineteenth century because

the Janissaries were more interested in palace intrigues than in military training, the Janissaries resisted all efforts to modernize the army, Ottoman forces carried outmoded equipment

The most significant achievement of Sultan Mahmud II was the

creation of a modern army

"Tanzimat" refers to the

Ottoman movement to reform and reorganize the empire.

The Russian expansion into the Balkan provinces of the Ottoman empire sparked the

Crimean War

The Russian empire was defeated in the Crimean War because

Britain and France joined forces to prevent Russian expansion into the Ottoman empire.

The emancipation of Russian serfs in 1861

 

was achieved at the tsar's insistence.

was intended to avert a revolution.

brought freedom but few political rights for the peasants.

What was the centerpiece of Count Sergei Witte's industrial policy?

massive railway construction program

After signing the Treaty of Paris in 1856, which ended the Crimean War, Tsar Alexander II did which of the following?

freed the Russian serfs

Some Russians promoted terrorism as a strategy for political reform because

many were anarchists who believed that individual freedom could not be realized until all government was abolished.

How did the Russo-Japanese war conclude in May 1905?

with destruction of the Russian navy

Foreign merchants could deal only with specially licensed Chinese firms, which were

known as cohongs

The Opium War made plain the difference between

 the military power of Europe and China.

The British insisted on their right to trade opium with China because

it was the only trade good that they could sell in China at a profit.

The Taiping rebellion was defeated when

Nanjing was defeated by a combined force of imperial and European soldiers.

In China, a "sphere of influence" was

a district in which a foreign power had exclusive trade, transportation, and mineral rights.

In 1853 warships from what country steamed into Tokyo Bay and demanded permission to establish trade and diplomatic relations with Japan?

United States

The Tokugawa shogunate was overthrown because

the Japanese were outraged by the unequal treaty forced on them by Commodore Perry.

The Meiji constitution promulgated in 1889 by the emperor gave the effective power to

the emperor

Which of the following describes Cecil Rhodes?

a leading British imperialist active in south Africa

The Battle of Omdurman clearly demonstrated that

European troops with modern weapons could subdue a vast native army.

Under British imperial rule, India was governed

with British bureaucrats and officers overseeing Indian civil servants.

One social goal of the British authorities in India was to

suppress Indian customs that conflicted with European law or values.

Unlike the British in India, the French in Indochina

encouraged conversion to Christianity

The colonization of the Belgian Congo is noted for the

brutal treatment of the Congolese people by King Leopold II.

The Berlin West Africa Conference in 1884-1885 established

that any European state could establish African colonies after notifying the others of its intentions and occupying previously unclaimed territory.

One striking difference between the British and the French imperial models in Africa is that

the British preferred to use local institutions to control subject populations.

How did the United States acquire the agreement to build the Panama Canal?

by supporting a rebellion that brought Panamanian independence from Colombia

The United States acquired Hawai\`i by

annexing the islands after American planters had overthrown the monarchy.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Russo-Japanese War?

Japan was transformed into a major imperial power.

Colonial rule dramatically altered the environment in which of the following places?

 India, due to tea production

On what did English philosopher Herbert Spencer rely when explaining the differences in strength of various cultures?

theories of evolution

Why was the mandate system a problem for the former territories of the Ottoman empire?

The Allies had promised Arab nationalists independence during the war.

The assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand was the catalyst that started World War I because

his death brought to a head the tensions between the Austro-Hungarian empire and the neighboring kingdom of Serbia.

The rivalry between Germany and Britain up to 1914 included

competition for colonies in east and southwest Africa.

From what did the Triple Alliance initially grow?

a close relationship that developed between the leaders of Germany and Austria-Hungary

The purpose of alliances such as the Triple Alliance and the Triple Entente was to

outline the circumstances under which countries would go to war to support one another.

The German Schlieffen plan called for

a swift knockout of France, followed by a defensive action against Russia

For what did Russia initially mobilize its troops during its entrance into the war?

to defend Serbia from Austria

Compared to the western front, fighting on the eastern front was

more fluid, as the Germans made inroads into Russia

Why did Japan enter the war on the side of the Allies?

Germany failed to comply with Japanese demands over territorial and naval issues.

Which of the following is true of the effects of World War I on the status of women?

Women in many countries received the vote in the years after the war

The purpose of the Twenty-One Demands was to

reduce China to the status of a Japanese protectorate.

Which of the following was a consequence of the Ottoman state's adoption of a new policy of Turkish nationalism in 1913?

the massacre of ethnic Armenians during the Great War

During the Great War, the most extensive military operations outside Europe took place where?

in the southwest Asian territories of the Ottoman empire

Which of the following was a provision of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?

Russia gave Germany control of about one-third of its territory

Tsar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate when

troops garrisoned in the capital mutinied.

The provisional government lost the support of many Russians in part because it

promised to continue the war to victory.

Which of the following was a provision of Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points?

establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all nations

The key factor in the decision of the United States to enter World War I was

Germany's resumption of unrestricted submarine warfare against the United States.

At the Paris Peace Conference,

France was determined to permanently strip Germany of military power.

Which of the following inspired the group of young German artists known as the "Bridge"?

 indigenous art

The notion that space and time are relative to the person measuring them was first articulated in

Einstein's theory of special relativity.

Werner Heisenberg's uncertainty principle argued that

scientists cannot observe phenomena objectively because the act of observation interferes with them.

In essence, on what did the governments of Austria and Germany rely to finance reparation payments to France and England?

U.S. loans and investment capital

The spread of photography

led many painters to believe that the purpose of painting was not to mirror reality but to create it.

Which of the following was a broad result of the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act of 1930?

a sharp drop in international trade

Which of the following sparked the "great purge"?

Stalin's discovery of a plan to introduce more pluralism into Soviet government.

Which of the following is true of the fascist state under Mussolini?

Racism was not a powerful part of Italian fascism.

A troubling economic problem in the 1920s was the depressed state of agriculture caused by

overproduction and falling prices.

During the Great Depression, most nations

practiced economic nationalism.

In response to the Great Depression, economist John Maynard Keynes

urged the government to expand the money supply and undertake public works to provide jobs.

Which of the following was NOT one of the chief actions of Roosevelt's New Deal?

tighten the money supply

The Russian civil war that broke out after the revolution was between

communists and anticommunists.

Lenin's New Economic Policy of 1921

implemented free-market reforms.

The First Five-Year Plan emphasized which of the following the most?

heavy industry

National Socialism in the main appealed to the members of which of the following?

the lower middle class

Kristallnacht was

 a Nazi-arranged attack on thousands of Jewish businesses.

Gandhi's practice of satyagraha was

his technique of passive resistance.

What was the initial strategy of the Indian National Congress?

stressing collaboration with the British to bring self-rule to India

Which of the following was among the provisions of the Government of India Act?

the establishment of autonomous legislative bodies in the provinces of British India

Which of the following was NOT one of the foundations of Gandhi's philosophy or strategy?

reducing the power of the Indian National Congress

Muhammad Ali Jinnah called for the creation of

Pakistan

Which of the following occurred after the Chinese revolution of 1911?

rule by warlords

Mao Zedong's main rival after 1925 was

Jiang Jieshi.

Which of the following accurately describes the May Fourth Movement?

It involved all classes of Chinese protesting against foreign, especially Japanese, interference.

The Long March

greatly strengthened Mao Zedong's leadership position.

In the decades following the Great War, the economies of most African colonies were dominated by

the export of unprocessed raw materials or minimally processed cash crops.

Which of the following was the major inspiration for most revolts of Africans against European rule during the Great War?

resentment engendered by the compulsory conscription of soldiers and carriers

Which of the following was the key reason for the adoption of "dollar diplomacy"?

U.S. leaders realized the costliness and the ineffectiveness of direct interventions in Latin America.

Which of the following is true of Marcus Garvey?

He promoted the unification of all people of African descent into a single African state.

The "new elite" in colonial Africa derived its status from

European-style education and employment in the colonial state and businesses.

How did Roosevelt and administration officials react to Mexican president Lázaro Cárdenas' nationalization of the Mexican oil industry?

They resisted the demands of big businesses and instead called for a cool, calm response and negotiations.

Getúlio Dornelles Vargas focused on which of the following policies in Brazil?

internal economic development through a program of industrialization

Which of the following describes the economic relationship between the United States and Latin America between 1924 and 1929?

U.S. businesses more than doubled their financial interests in Latin America.

During the invasion and occupation by Japan, communist Chinese forces

resisted with guerilla attacks.

The Russian-German Treaty of Nonaggression of 1939

promised neutrality between the Soviets and Germany in the event of war with a third party.

Which of the following is true of the early German expansion during the war?

When Germany conquered western Poland, the Soviets took the eastern sections in accordance with the Nazi-Soviet pact.

Operation Barbarossa in 1941 was code for the

German invasion of the Soviet Union.

All of the following were essential to the Soviet defense against the Nazis EXCEPT

outrage at the German treatment of Jewish minorities in eastern Europe.

Immediate provocation for the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor was

an American-led oil embargo against Japan.

The key to Allied victory in Europe was the

vast personnel and industrial capacity of the United States and Soviet Union

What happened to the Japanese war effort immediately following Pearl Harbor?

The Japanese swept on through a string of impressive, coordinated victories

Which of the following is among the reasons that there was little or no opposition to the state and its policies in Japan during the war?

Political parties were weak or had been destroyed.

The Japanese finally surrendered in 1945

after the atomic bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki.

At the Wannsee Conference in 1942, Nazi leaders decided to

deport all European Jews to concentration camps in Poland for extermination.

At the end of the postwar conferences, which of the following had the Allies agreed upon?

occupation of Korea, half by the Soviets and half by the Americans

The Truman Doctrine pledged that

the United States would support free people resisting subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures.

The Marshall Plan was

What was the Soviet action in response to NATO’s acceptance of West Germany?