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Group of communist were arrested for meeting together. Ruling: Assembly for lawful discussion cannot be a crime even if it goes against popular opinion.
DeJonge vs. Oregon
Student was suspended for saying obscene words during a speech. Ruling: Freedom of speech does not protect obscene or lude language.
Bethel vs. Fraser
Government tried to block distribution of the Pentagon Papers. Ruling: Court upheld precedent that government could not use prior restraint.
NY Times vs. United States
New York school system held a prayer every morning. Ruling: Declared school-sponsor prayer unconstitutional.
Engel vs. Vitale
Man protested WWI by handing out anti-war pamphlets. Ruling: During wartime speech can be restricted and developed the “clear and present danger” test.
Shenck vs. United States
KKK leader gave speech advocating violence but not inciting it and was arrested. Ruling: Speech is protected as long as it advocates but does not immediately incite violence afterwards.
Brandenburg vs. Ohio
Students wore black armbands to protest Vietnam War and were suspended. Ruling: Symbolic speech is protected in schools as long as it does not cause significant disruption.
Tinker vs. Des Moines
Pennsylvania reimbursed non-public religious schools for non-religious expenditures. Ruling: Was not unconstitutional and set up a three-part test for aid to religious schools.
Lemon vs. Kurtzman
Group marched to show unhappiness with the speed of desegregation. Ruling: An orderly protest march is protected by the First Amendment.
Gregory vs. Chicago
Jehovah’s Witnesses did not say pledge of allegiance, saying it went against their religion. Ruling: Flag saluting and pledge of allegiance violated the free exercise clause of First Amendment.
WV Board of Ed. vs. Barnette
The free exercise clause of the First Amendment protects the right of individuals to
worship as they choose.
Which of the following violates the establishment clause, according to the Supreme Court?
Public-school sponsored prayer
Which of the following cases would likely be cited as precedent to overturn the New Jersey state law which punishes this action?
The state of New Jersey has made it illegal to destroy replicas (copies) of the Statue of Liberty in protest of government policies. Mr. Derwent was arrested for busting up a replica of Lady Liberty at a protest march.
Texas v. Johnson
A group advocating same-sex marriage has applied for a permit to march down Anytown’s Main Street. The town’s mayor -- knowing this issue is highly controversial -- has called for special election in which the town’s voters will decide whether the permit is granted. Which of the statement is true?
The mayor’s plan is illegal
Freedoms that a government cannot take away are
civil liberties.
According to the Supreme Court, which type of speech could be punished only if it is directed toward “inciting immediate lawlessness” and likely to produce such behavior?
Seditious speech
Why is the First Amendment’s protection of the press central to the democracy in the United States?
The press subjects political institutions to public scrutiny.
The First Amendment does not allow ________, which occurs when government prohibit the use of publications or productions, they find offensive or contrary to their own interests.
Censorship
Freedom of assembly allows people to participate only in protest marches that
are peaceful.
What is the purpose of sequestering a jury?
To protect the defendant’s right to a fair trial
The government may limit the freedom of assembly by
granting permits under the same rules for all groups.
Which clause of the Constitution forbids the government to proclaim Christianity as the national religion?
The establishment clause
According to “The Lemon Test”, in cases involving the establishment clause, the law or government action must
have a secular purpose.
The Bill of Rights was added to the Constitution in 1789 to protect
individuals from the power of the federal government.
Thomas Jefferson referred to the separation of church and state as what?
Wall of separation
Which of the following is a reason for limiting free speech?
To protect public safety
Protections against majority groups discriminating against minorities are
civil rights.
For abusive or threatening speech to be considered unprotected “fighting words”, the speech must
be spoken face-to-face and likely to cause immediate violence.
In which of these places is free speech is most regulated?
Public schools
Censorship of information before it is published.
Prior Restraint
This can be issued by a judge to prevent the press from publishing information about a court case. They have sometimes been ruled unconstitutional.
Gag order
Sometimes called expressive conduct, it involves the use of actions and symbols, in addition to or instead of words to express opinions.
Symbolic Speech
Nonreligious, not associate with any faith-based organization.
Secular
False written or published statements that damage a person’s reputation.
Libel
Different treatment because of membership in a group based on some shared characteristic -- like race, age, gender, religion, or appearance
Discrimination
Civil rights law that prohibits discrimination against individuals with disabilities in all areas of public life, including: jobs, schools transportation, and all public and private places open to the general public
A.D.A.
a legally recognized member of a country with certain rights, obligations, and responsibilities
Citizen
Supreme Court overturned a state law that criminalized marriage between people of different races
Loving c. Cirginia
Legal process by which a person can become a citizen
Naturalization
The process by which the Supreme Court decided on a case-by-case basis which federal rights also applied to the states
Selective Incorporation
policies that give preference to groups for jobs, promotions, admission to schools, or other benefits, in order to make up for past or current discrimination
Affirmative Action
Special education law that requires schools to educate students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment to the greatest extent of their abilities using plans to meet the individual needs of the student.
I.D.E.A.
Landmark Supreme Court case that ruled segregated school were inherently unequal and therefore unconstitutional
Brown v. the Board of Education
A document issued by the U.S. government that allows a person to stay in the United States for a specified period of time
Visa
In what kinds of cases is procedural due process most often used?
Criminal law
What does the equal protection clause protect?
Individual rights and limits to the power of government
Title IX of the Education Amendment Act prohibits discrimination based on
gender.
Which law prohibits discrimination on race, gender, religion, and national origin in all forms of employment?
the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Unlike procedural due process, substantive due process requires fairness in
the laws themselves.
How does the equal protection clause protect individual rights and limit the power of the government?
It ensures that the government cannot draw unreasonable distinctions between groups of people.
If a child is born in the United States, the child
is automatically a U.S. citizen.
If a foreign-born person wants to stay in the United States indefinitely, he or she needs to
get a green card.
Which of the following people would need to go through naturalization to become a U.S. citizen?
A person born in Mexico who emigrates to the U.S. with their Mexican parents.
Which of the following is a qualification required for naturalization?
Must be able to read, write, and speak basic English
Recent U.S. immigration policy has focused on
securing U.S borders against illegal immigration.
Citizenship may be taken away if the U.S. citizen
commits fraud or deception during the naturalization process.
All foreign policy is carried out by the president in coordination with foreign diplomats.
F
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) provides diplomatic support in foreign affairs, but does not provide military support.
F
U.S. foreign policy followed a course of containment during the Cold War.
T
The Department of State is responsible for implementing foreign policy.
T
Most foreign policy is carried out by the U.S. military?
F
A trade agreement among several parties.
Multilateral Agreement
The strategies and goals that guide a nation’s relations with other countries and groups in the world.
Foreign Policy
A voluntary relationship between different countries in which they agree to support each other in case of attack.
Alliances
An official of the government who represents the nation in diplomatic affairs.
Ambassador
A formal agreement between the governments of two or more nations.
Treaty
Which is the most important goal of the United States foreign policy?
National security
Which foreign policy approach best describes the war on terror?
Preemption
Why might a nation place sanctions against another nation?
To express disapproval of the nation’s actions.
What is a disadvantage of the United States joining a mutual defense alliance?
The U.S. must respond and react to the issues of all members of the alliance.
The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) is an example of a
multilateral agreement.
Diplomacy between the United States and other nations begins with
Diplomats
Which of the following officials is MOST concerned with the diplomatic activities of the U.S. government?
Secretary of State
Which of the following government departments leads the intelligence community?
National Security Agency
The Department of Defense is responsible for
supervising the actions of the armed forces.
By far, the greatest source of congressional power in foreign policy derives from the power of Congress to
appropriate funds
How does the President’s grant of “most-favored nation” (MFN) status affect relations with that nation?
It reduces tariff rates on all exports from the nation to the U.S.
Sanctions against another country work as a foreign policy tool by
withholding econnomic resources.
The public mood before the United States became involved in World War I was an attitude of
isolationism.
A tariff passed by the U.S. government helps American businesses by
increasing the price of foreign imports.
The EPA was established in the 1970s to
enforce new environmental protection laws.
Until the 1970s, the federal government did not set environmental policy.
True
How did the Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (T.A.N.F.) program change the welfare system?
It established work requirements for welfare recipients.
The FHA helps low and middle income families buy homes by insuring their mortgages.
True
One way in which Medicare is different from Medicaid is that
Medicare is an insurance program whereas Medicaid is for low-income individuals.
How has environmental policy changed over time?
Anti-pollution laws have become stronger.
One goal of the No Child Left Behind law was to close the achievement gap between
white and minority students.
The federal government provides financial aid for building interstate highways
but the states do the work of constructing them.
The packaging and labeling of certain consumer goods are regulated by the
Federal Trade Commission.
Health care programs protect people against loss of income due to disability.
False
To be apart of Race to the Top, schools must make changed to align with federal policies.
True
Which of the following statements is true about the Affordable Care Act?
Which of the following statements is true about the Affordable Care Act?
Who is eligible for benefits under the Medicare program?
People over the age of 65.
The purpose of unemployment insurance is to help low income families obtain food.
False
Helps low income families obtain food
S.N.A.P.
Passed in 1973, gives the EPA the power to set and enforce air quality standards for wide variety of pollutants.
The Clean Air Act
Protects the public from poorly processed and improperly labeled foods and drugs.
FDA
A tax incentive that allows a business to deduct certain expenses for its tax return
Subsidy
Championed by the Obama administration, wind, solar, and geothermal are all sources of this type of energy
Renewable
Stocks or bonds
Securities
Note
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