DNA Tools and Biotechnology

These flashcards cover key concepts and vocabulary related to DNA tools and biotechnology, based on the lecture notes provided.

DNA Sequencing

The process of determining the complete nucleotide sequence of a gene.

Gene Cloning

The process of making multiple identical copies of a specific gene or DNA segment.

CRISPR-Cas9

A gene editing technology that allows for precise modifications of DNA in living organisms.

PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction)

A technique used to amplify small segments of DNA, creating millions of copies.

Plasmid

A small, circular DNA molecule that can replicate independently and is often used as a vector for gene cloning.

Recombinant DNA

DNA that is artificially made by combining DNA from different sources.

Gel Electrophoresis

A technique used to separate DNA fragments based on their size.

Restriction Enzyme

An enzyme that cuts DNA at specific sequences, creating restriction fragments.

RNA-seq

A method for analyzing the quantity and sequences of RNA in a sample.

SNP (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism)

A variation at a single position in a DNA sequence among individuals.

Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS cells)

Stem cells that have been genetically reprogrammed to an embryonic stem cell-like state.

Transgenic Animal

An animal that has had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into its genome.

Genetic Engineering

The direct manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.

Biotechnology

The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

The process where strands of DNA or RNA bind to their complement.

Moore's Law

The observation that the number of transistors on a microchip doubles about every two years, suggesting rapid technological advancement.

Embryonic Stem Cells

Stem cells derived from the early embryo that can differentiate into any cell type.

Gene Therapy

The introduction of normal genes into cells to replace missing or defective ones.