〇Chapter 1 Intro to Phsyiology単語カード | Quizlet

emergent properties

combo & synergism of actions of the components of a system

physiology of the human body > than the sum of the actions of its parts

cell, tissues and systems are all integrated

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

What are the 4 primary tissue types?

Teleologic Approach

the "why", why does something occur

Mechanic Approach

the "how", how something occurs

circulatory system

Transport and distribution of various substances throughout like oxygen, hormones, nutrients, etc throughout body

digestive system

breakdown of foods/nutrients and absorption

endocrine system

communication throughout body (slow and long lasting)

immune system

lymph, protection

integumentary system

protection, barrier, some exchange, some regulation, some excretion

musculoskeletal system

support and movement, temp reg, excretion

nervous system

communication; coordination; regulation (instant/fast)

reproductive system

reproduction

respiratory system

gas exchange and excretion

urinary system

excretion; water balance

excretion

Process by which metabolic wastes are eliminated from the body

secretion

the substance produced by a gland

structure and function

which major theme in physio:

- links anatomy and physio

- shape determines what it does

need for energy

which major theme in physio:

- cell/organism growth, reproduction, movement and homeostasis

communication/coordination

which major theme in physio:

- genetic: DNA & RNA

- chemical signals

- electrical signals

homeostasis

which major theme in phsyio:

- maintaining relatively constant internal conditions regardless of external environment

It's how the body is able to function as a whole and be successful as a multi-cellular organism

Why are the themes of physio so important to body function?

physiology

the study of the normal functions of the body

Pathophysiology

The study of how normal physiologic processes are affected by disease.

failure in physio:

- diabetes

- cancer cells

- genetic diseases

- allergies (autoimmune)

What are some examples of internal sources of pathophysiology?

damage to physio:

- trauma impacting body

- pathogen (viruses, bacteria, etc.)

What are some examples of external sources of pathophysiology?

Intercellular Fluid (ICF)

fluid within cells; intercellular fluid

extracellular fluid (ECF)

fluid outside cells; plasma and interstitial fluid

What goes into the body = what goes out of the body

intake - inhaling, digestion/absorption

excretion - sweat, defecation/urination/exhaling

positive balance - taking more in than out

negative balance - ridding more than taking in

stable - normal function, in=out

Explain the Law of Mass Balance or Stable Balance including mechanisms used to get material into and out of the body

- explain circumstances that lead to a positive, negative, or stable balance

Homeostasis

- dynamic steady state

- maintain relatively constant conditions

- no net movement

- disequilibrium (concentrations are not equal between compartments)

Equilibrium

- equal balance

- concentrations are equivalent between compartments

What is the difference between homeostasis VS equilibrium?

setpoint

a value at which physiological state tends to stabilize at

Homeostasis range

a range of values at which a physiological state is considered stable

control system

collection of interconnected components that can be made up to achieve a desired response

local control

this control of homeostasis is within the cell or tissues

ex: paracrine & autocrine cells

- arteriole endothelium and nitric oxide (NO) are vasodialater (increases blow flow)

reflex control

the control of homeostasis is long distance

- integration into nervous, endocrine, or both

- neurotransmitters and hormones

negative feedback loop

brings back to homeostasis (on then off)

- stabilizes regulated variable

- a response counteracts the stimulus, shuts off loop

ex: insulin & glucose levels

positive feedback loop

gets further away from homeostasis

- sends variable farther from the setpoint

- on and reinforce to completion

- ex: childbirth

feedforward control

actions due to anticipation of change of the regulated variable

gets you ready for what is coming; signals tell you something is going to happen and your body prepares

- salivation & activation of parietal cells in stomach to secrete HCl acid

yes

Can feedforward control help maintain homeostasis?

there are short term variations within what is normal but it will move back to middle stable ground and balance out (blood glucose levels)

How does homeostasis function as a dynamic steady state?

biological rhythms

natural cycles the body uses to regulate different bodily functions

- set points can change

ex: going to bed every night at 10 pm, switching jobs and having to go to bed at 8 pm instead.

biorhytm

predictable; fluctuate with environment variable

ex: light/dark cycles, seasonal

circadian rhythm

daily rhythms

- free running vs. entrained (can be reset based on environmental cues)

free running (our own internal clock)

entrained (what the clock tell us)

Acclimization

adjusted setpoints based upon environmental conditions

- seasons and clothing

ex: 60 degrees in winter is warm

60 degrees in summer is cold